The Effects of Political and Demographic Variables on Christian Coalition Scores :: Christianity Christian Religion Essays Research

The Effects of Political and Demographic Variables on Christian Coalition Scores One of the most intriguing wonders with regards to American governmental issues is the ongoing ascent of the Christian right. First named the Ethical Majority by Jerry Falwell in the late 1970s, the Christian Right has experienced a name and a pioneer change. The Christian Coalition is at present driven by Pat Robertson who looks to proceed with a significant part of the early work spearheaded by the Moral Majority. The Moral Majority looked to reintroduce Christian standards into the political circle. The Christian Coalition centers around proceeding with these endeavors trying to turn around the ethical rot that undermines our incredible country (Christian Coalition, 1996). The motivation behind this examination is to gauge the political and segment factors on House delegates' recurrence of casting a ballot with the Christian Coalition plan. This is estimated by the Christian Coalition's Congressional Scorecard as the rate a delegate underpins the position held by the Coalition. The free factors utilized in this exploration include: party alliance of the agent, how the region casted a ballot in the 1988 presidential political decision, the percent minority in the locale of casting a ballot age, level of area who had gone to some school, and the middle family pay of the region. These are inspected to investigate their free and aggregate impact on the agent's recurrence of supporting the Christian Coalition (CC) plan. The accompanying speculations are the normal experimental examples dependent on rationale and tried and true way of thinking. It is normal that party association will be a main consideration in the recurrence of an agent casting a ballot with the CC plan, paying little mind to the non-fanatic case made by the CC association. In particular, if an agent were a Republican, she or he would cast a ballot more reliably with the CC plan than a Democrat. Also, it is conjectured that the more noteworthy a region's decision in favor of Republican George Bush in the 1988 presidential political decision, the higher their agent's help for the CC plan. This supposition that depends on the conviction that a Republican decision in favor of president would by and large convert into the appointment of a Republican or at any rate, a traditionalist Democrat agent. With respect to the percent minorities in a region, it is guessed that since high groupings of minorities will in general live in urban territories, which will in general get a huge segment of social administrations and qualifications, the chosen agent would not cast a ballot for the CC plan which regularly tries to constrain government spending in these zones.

What Are the Ivy League Schools Should You Go to One

What Are the Ivy League Schools Should You Go to One SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips At the point when we hear the expression â€Å"Ivy League†, the greater part of us presumably consider rich individuals who tie sweaters around their necks. In all honesty, there’s much more to it than that. The Ivy League is a gathering of tip top universities that have a long history of great accomplishments and outstanding graduated class. However, how did this happen? What's more, how are these schools truly? Peruse on to become familiar with the arrangement of the Ivy League, its part schools, and whether you ought to consider applying. A Brief History of the Ivy League The Ivy League comprises of eight of the most established and most lofty colleges in the United States.These schools initially shaped a class dependent on their basic advantages in the two scholastics and sports. The Complete List of Ivy League Schools: Earthy colored University (established 1746) Columbia University (established 1754) Cornell University (established 1865) Dartmouth College (established 1769) Harvard University (established 1636) College of Pennsylvania, AKAUPenn (established 1740) Princeton University (established 1746) Yale University (established 1702) Despite the fact that the schools themselves go back to a long time before the American Revolution, the term â€Å"Ivy League† has been around for a shorter time than you may might suspect. The most mainstream cause story is that the term wascoined in the mid 1930s by a sportswriter for the New York Herald-Tribunewho whined about covering a football match-up among Columbia and UPenn rather than a game highlighting his place of graduation, Fordham University. He to some degree scornfully alluded to Columbia and UPenn as old ivy-shrouded schools and was the first to utilize the expression Ivy League in the article that followed. The mark didn't get official until 1945, when the leaders of the eight schools got together to frame an understanding â€Å"for the motivation behind reaffirming their aim of proceeding with intercollegiate football so as to keep up the estimations of the game, while keeping it in fitting extent to the primary reasons for scholarly life.''Essentially, they made it their crucial work together to adjust games and scholastics at the universities (initially just football, however later reached out to different games). They would consider themselves the Ivy League. The Ivy League is somewhat similar to the Justice League, with the exception of back when it was initially shaped just rich white fellows could be a piece of it. All things considered, I surmise that is for the most part valid for the Justice League as well. Presently I'm discouraged. Two between college boards were framed, one that authorized the standards of qualification for Ivy League sports (for the most part contained school senior members) and one that built up general athletic arrangements (included athletic directors).Starting in the mid-1950s, these schools started to sort out rivalries among one another in an assortment of sports.The Ivy League later included advisory groups for affirmation and monetary guide as the association took on a progressively scholarly core interest. In spite of the fact that the formation of the Ivy League was established in games, these days these schools are known for their scholastic esteem and celebrated alumni.All the Ivy League collegeshave enormous enrichments that are the result of well off graduated class commitments over the years.Ivy League schools are regularly observed as images of elitism since they pull in understudies who originate from heritages of riches, however they offer some incredible money related guide bundles to impeded understudies in view of their huge blessings. They speak to probably the most particular and notable schools in the country.The schools of the Ivy League have had additional time than most different schools to develop their notorieties through the collection of profoundly effective graduates.In option to serious undergrad programs, Ivy League universitiesoffer the absolute best proficient projects for law and medication. Hammer Banging 101 is by a wide margin the best graduate school class, however the finals can be somewhat disordered. Ivy League Schools: The Specifics For every one of the Ivy League schools, I’ll list enlistment, confirmations, and educational cost insights so you can improve thought of how they vary from each other: School Area Student Enrollment Concede Rate Yearly Cost US News Rank Earthy colored Provision, RI 6,320 9% $62,046 14 Columbia New York City, NY 8,613 6% $68,825 4 Cornell Ithaca, NY 14,315 14% $67,613 out-of-state; $50,869 NY inhabitants 15 Dartmouth Hanover, NH 4,289 10.5% $66,174 12 Harvard Cambridge, MA 6,700 5.2% $60,659 2 UPenn Philadelphia, PA 10,406 9.4% $63,526 9 Princeton Princeton, NJ 5,275 6.5% $63,690 1 Yale Hartford, CT 5,477 6.3% $63,970 3 Are Ivy League Schools Really Better Than Other Universities? The individuals from the Ivy League might be the absolute most esteemed universities in the nation, yet will they really give you superior training than different schools with comparative acknowledgment rates? The primary explanation an Ivy League school may be better than some other top-level college is because of name acknowledgment. Adiploma from an Ivy League collegemay open entryways for you since bosses and graduate school confirmations officials will know promptly that you went to an incredibly serious school.Ivy League universitieshave extraordinary global notorieties that very few different schools can claim.You’ll likewise get the chance to coordinate with exceptionally effective and persuasive graduated class. All things considered, you should remember that there are significant contrasts between schools inside the Ivy League regarding notoriety. The conventional top three, Harvard, Yale, and Princeton, are viewed as to some degree more noteworthy than less particular Ivies like Cornell or Dartmouth. They're all around regarded schools, however getting into one Ivy League school isn't equivalentto getting into every one of them. For this and different reasons, it's unsafe to accept that Ivy League graduates will wind up more â€Å"successful† in general than different understudies. Achievement ismore about a student’s inalienable drive and capacity than which school the person in question winds up attending.One study found that â€Å"the better indicator of income was the normal SAT scores of the most specific school a youngster applied to and not the run of the mill scores of the establishment the understudy attended.†In different words, understudies who applied to Ivy League-gauge schools yet wound up going to less particular universities fared no more terrible than their world class school partners. Aspiration is one of the most significant factors in progress. It's likewise a smart thought to convey a substantial satchel consistently. Individuals are bound to enlist you in the event that you have one excessively solid arm. In all actuality Ivy League collegesdon’t consistently have the highest caliber of guidance for college understudies. In general, they will in general be exceptionally centered around doing scholarly research to keep up their situation at the cutting edge of academia.Professors might be less keen on instructing than they are in their own projects.You could wind up with a superior learning involvement with a little, profoundly specific school that only selects college understudies in light of the fact that the educators are there essentially to educate. Ivy League collegesalso aren’t the main schoolswhere you’ll get motivation from the stunning things the understudies around you are doing.There are numerous specific universities and colleges around the nation that pull in exceptionally energetic understudies and have learning conditions that will challenge you.Though the Ivies have high groupings of extreme understudies, they unquestionably don’t have a restraining infrastructure on undergrad ability. In outline, here's a graph that subtleties how various sorts of non-Ivy colleges contrast with Ivy League schools. An or more sign demonstrates that this kind of school is apparently better than Ivy League schools in the classification indicated on the left. A less sign demonstrates that it's not exactly as great. An equivalents sign shows that the sort of school is practically identical to the universities of the Ivy League. Top Tier Research Universities (Stanford, MIT) Top Tier Small Teaching Colleges (Amherst, Pomona) Marginally Lower RankedUniversities (16-30 US News) Notoriety (National and International) = - - Undergrad Teaching = + = Research Opportunities = - = Graduate School Potential = = - Gauge of Students = = - Would it be a good idea for you to Apply to Ivy League Schools? The possibility of setting off to an Ivy League universitymight sound extraordinary, yet before you choose to apply, you should take a couple of various components into thought. This is what you have to do before sending in an application. Check Your Qualifications For it to merit applying to any of these schools, you ought to perform at an extremely significant level academically.Even at the Ivies with acknowledgment rates over 10 percent (Cornell, Dartmouth, UPenn), genuine candidates have noteworthy secondary school transcripts and test scores.At Cornell, for instance, the normal SAT score for conceded understudies is a 2170. On the off chance that you need to have a solid possibility of affirmation at the majority of the Ivies, you should go for in any event a 2200 SAT score or a 33 ACT score.The GPAs of most understudies who are acknowledged to Ivy League universitiesare at or near a 4.0. It’s expected that you will have taken the hardest courses in secondary school and be at any rate in the best 5-10 percent of your group. As you would know, Harvard, Yale, and Princeton are the most famously particular of the Ivies (in spite of the fact that Columbia has snuck up on them in late years).To get into these schools, you ought to have incredible grades and grades in addition to other great and exceptional achievements that will recognize your application.This could be anything from winning a national science reasonable rivalry to going into business to composing a novel.Read this article to

The impact of cultural diversity on employee performance of Research Proposal

The effect of social decent variety on representative execution of transnational corporatiosn TCNs in algeria - Research Proposal Example People’s age, culture, and sex cause them to see the world in various manners. These discernments are a key to innovative speculation, which, thus, is the way to effective exhibition of the association. In genuine sense, assorted variety ought not be taken to be an issue however rather it ought to be exploited. To exceed expectations, the associations must fathom and utilize the conventions, aptitudes and foundations of a various staff (Mazur and Bialostocka 2010). As a general rule, decent variety blesses organizations a key advantage in the commercial center. Our more extensive scope of stances offers a range of abilities †meticulous craftsmanship, for example, which can upgrade numerous parts of procedures and item explore. Assorted variety helps when: you are doing advertising universally; haggling with clients from abroad; propelling a drive to another populace †regardless of whether global or local (Cox and Blake 1991). Social decent variety positively affects the organization execution with respect to income age and gainfulness just as non budgetary development of the organization (Hartenian and Gudmundson 2000) and hence the executives should concentrate on overseeing assorted variety instead of limiting assorted variety. Association practice assorted variety for different reasons, for example, consistence with the law however a decent chief ought to support assorted variety since it’s invaluable to the organization since it pools together individuals with various capacities. Assorted variety speak to various idea to numerous individuals and in this way there is have to recognize explicit parts of decent variety with respect to explicit association. When you comprehend social assorted variety, your organization can interest a more extensive base of staff, and that thusly will improve you staffing. As you make assorted variety a key piece of strategy and measures, it is basic to work at all degrees and in each division (Cooley and Lewkowicz 2004). Plan deliberately at top administration levels to consolidate multiethnic rousing and overseeing; enlist unmistakable pioneers not simply workers; train directors in multiethnic aptitudes; survey determination and meeting choice techniques (Cox and Beale 1997). The principals improving social decent variety include: lessening imbalance, social assorted variety and empowering investment. Esteeming assorted variety includes encouraging a network that acknowledges the advantages and estimations of a socially various and rich society (Cooley and Lewkowicz 2004). This includes in the dynamic advancement of regard, disheartening bigotry, congruity and negative generalizing. Lessening dissimilarity involves perceiving the privilege of individuals of changing national ethnic and strict foundations to practice share, and make the most of their way of life. Empowering interest includes profiting open doors for all individuals to completely take an interest out in the open an d common life (Tiedt and Tiedt 1995). Worker execution is impacted by numerous elements including the accompanying: family; information and abilities; versatility; support from bosses; wellbeing; social qualities; working environment; and morals. Most past research has concentrated because of these components on execution of workers in different associations. Be that as it may, little exertion has been set because of social assorted variety on the exhibition of staff. Considering this, the current research looks to fill this hole by deciding the impact of social decent variety on the presentation of the representatives of transnational organizations in Algeria (Ho 1996). This

Heat transfer by convection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Warmth move by convection - Essay Example A square cavity was utilized whereby its base and top dividers were protected. One of the side dividers was assumed cold while the opposite side hot. Alumina/water nanofluid was utilized as the working liquid. It was presumed that utilizing distinctive thermophysical models may prompt inverse pattern estimations for Nusselt number particularly in high strong volume portions. Impacts of tendency point (somewhere in the range of 00 and 1200) of a square cavity loaded up with Cu/water nanofluid on heat move (Abu-Nada and Oztop). The limit states of the two tests were comparable. Diverse water based nanofluids containing Cu, Ag, CuO, Al2O3 and TiO2 nanoparticles were set in a pit with volume division up to 20%. One side of the dividers was warmed utilizing warmer mounted on the divider; pit edge differed somewhere in the range of 00 and 900 (Ogut). Expanded fixation builds heat move rate. Normal Nusselt number has a high affectability to consistency contrasted with the warm conductivity at high Rayleigh numbers; reasonable thickness model ought to be chosen (SAEED ZEINALI HERIS, Masoumeh Borhani Pour, Omid Mahian, Somchai Wongwises, 2014). Stream of Cu, Al2O3, and TiO2 nanoparticles is suspended in water in a cavity where top and base dividers are protected; right divider is kept cold while the left divider is exposed to the occasional warmth transition. Utilization of Cu and TiO2 with volume portions up to 20% prompts greatest and least warmth expulsion from heat source separately (Ghasemi and Aminossadati). Stream of Cu/water nanofluid (volume divisions up to 5%) in a square pit and the base exposed to steady warmth transition while cooling is directed by entering a nanofluid stream from the left divider and leaving from the correct divider (Shahi et al). It was presumed that an expansion in the volume portion expanded the normal Nusselt number in the cavity. Lin and Voili recreated the impacts of particles size on regular convection stream of Al2O3/water nanofluid with volume portion up to 5% in square hole

For Those Weeks When You Just Cannot

For Those Weeks When You Just Cannot We all have those weeks. Some sort of tragedy happens a death in the family, the death of a friend, the sadness of a friend, an angry anonymous email, the hospitalization of a friend or cat these all are very varied and are of different significance to different people, but when things are already really stressful with classes and problem sets and extracurriculars, the negatives and the tragedies all add up to be, in a way, explosive. You cannot think. You cannot do work. You need help. This week was a sad week for me. It was a short week, but the longest week Ive had at MIT so far. It started on a Monday night, and it feels like it never ended. I cant say what happened, but it was unfortunate. And no matter how many times you tell yourself that it will all be okay, and no matter how many times you believe it when you tell yourself it will all be okay, it is really hard to actually feel okay. So I took a break. I only had one recitation and a few other committments for Tuesday, and I threw them all away. I went to a new counselor in the morning who taught me some really great techniques on how to ground oneself, which is when you sit or stand with both feet on the ground and remind yourself where you are. You remind yourself that you arent amidst a tragedy, that you are here and now and nothing can hurt you. Grounding works like this: Put both feet on the ground. Look around. Count the number of somethings in the room. My counselor gave the example of white things. We went around and looked at the white things in the blue room and said them out loud slowly but confidently Chair. Window. Table. Book. Bag. Flower. Until we were both very calm and aware of our surroundings. You can do this with anything. I like to count. When Im near flowers or a plant, I like to count the leaves I see. Same with trees. I say Leaf one. Leaf two. Leaf three. Until I lose count, and if I am still not feeling alright, I start over. It works really well. After seeing my counselor, I went to my favorite person at Student Support Services in the morning, the fantastic Laura Maxim, and talked to her about life. She was super helpful, and she gave me a game plan. Eat Sleep Cuddle with my Kitten, Rory Email professors about needed extensions Meet with her again at our scheduled appointment for the next day Talk to a professional about what I was feeling I felt better, although still really awful because its hard to get your brain together when youre in panic mode. So I continued on my day. I went home, ate some food, emailed my professors (with the help of my kitten) about meeting with them later that week, and took a nap. I woke up in time to go to MIT Medical, where I saw one of my favorite people at MIT Community Wellness, Kate McCarthy. We talked for a while, and she gave me some really good chocolate. I made hot chocolate at community wellness next to the front desk, and took my chocolate bar and went to mental health and counseling walk-in hours. I know that I can try my best to be strong and resilient to situations, but at times like these I need to know Im not alone in how I am feeling. I was scared. This was my second time going to walk-in hours, again after an emergency or panicky situation. I told them my name, and they told me it was going to be a long wait, so I took my normal spot in the little corner with only three seats near the leaves that I like to count, and I sat and dipped my chocolate bar from Kate in my hot chocolate and ate it. Everything was going to be okay. I met with a counselor. I told her what happened. I told her about grounding, and she told me again about breathing. She told me to eat, and we set another game plan. Eat, Sleep, Student Support Services. I listened. I went to bed super early, around 6 or 7pm. I woke up the next morning at 7am, for an interview with a really awesome company at 8:45am. I hope it went okay. I think it went really well :) Im excited about the potential opportunity. I stopped at Au Bon Pon on the way home to get food so Id remember to eat. I then went home and put on real clothes (in comparison to the suit I was wearing to my interview), and then went on my way to my meeting with Laura from Student Support Services. On the way, I ran into a friend in distress, who was also on his way to Student Support Services. However, he did not have an appointment with someone, and was really upset when we got there to hear that walk-in hours were over. So I gave him my appointment and sat in with him, gave him some advice, and Laura helped us both. He made another appointment with a Dean, I made another appointment with Laura for the next day. I spent the day in a haze. Couldnt focus on anything. Got half a problem set done, but couldnt write. I couldnt eat. I spent the night with my friends, them holding me, and me trying to keep myself together. I called my mom, and we talked for a bit. I packed for my weekend trip home. My cousin is getting married! There are positive things going on! I have squishy things and a kitty! But I was still sad. I learned about mindfulness that night in a class/group thingy. Its about being aware of your presence in an area without distraction and without judgement. There are different aspects to mindfulness, and I got homework to be aware of my usage of those different aspects. So a part of my homework is to cuddle with my kitten. Check. I went to bed early again. The next day, it was Thursday, and I woke up for my appointment with Laura at Student Support Services, and we mapped out a game plan. I really like lists. Problem set for 3.032 (Mechanical Properties of Materials) Meet with Professor, try to finish that night (Did not finish will finish by end of weekend) Internship Paper Due for Monday for me! Materials Flow Analysis project for 3.081 (Industrial Ecology of Materials) try to get done as soon as possible! Science Journalism Essay Get done by the next Friday, read the book this weekend So I had a game plan again. The rest of the day, I met with professors to go over my plans and make sure they were okay with them. They are okay with them, and they are super understanding. My kitten is trying to attack my jacket and just fell off the couch and went meeeeeeep! It was really cute. Dont worry, shes fine! She gets spayed next week! Back to the terrible week. I went to work. I work at career services, and everyone there is super awesome and nice and friendly, and I love working there so much! I was going to take off work, but it really does make me feel better. So I went to work, I felt better, and I left early to buy my friend ice cream. I brought my friend ice cream with some other friends, and then I went home. When I got home, I noticed that I was very dizzy. I went to my friends room, and I told her that I felt really weird and dizzy and I almost fainted. She asked me if I ate. I said no. She brought me to a giant black sharpie and wrote on my arm Reminder: EAT. She and my other friends also handed me a lot of food. Now I dont forget. Friday went very similarly, minus the meeting in the morning with Laura. Lots of organizing, lots of planning. I remembered to eat. I was supposed to go home that day to New York, but changed my train ticket to Saturday so I could spend more time here in Cambridge. It was more important to me to be here an extra day, and people understand. So here I am, getting ready to board a train back to Long Island where we will drive many hours to Pennsylvania to see my cousin and his fiance get married. It is really exciting, and I am so excited for them, especially since the girl that my cousin Matt is marrying, Kim, is already such a big and important part of our family. Im excited to see all my cousins and to catch up and celebrate together. Itll be fun. Ill be worrying Im always worrying but what matters most is that all of my friends and family are right now healthy and going to be okay. We will all be okay. Eventually, everything will be okay.

The most famous person - 550 Words

The most famous person (Admission Essay Sample) Content: William Shakespeare: the Most Famous PersonNameInstitution William Shakespeare: the Most Famous PersonMany contentions have been cast as to who remains the most famous person in the world. Entries of individuals believed to be famous have been made from sciences, politics, athletics, soccer and many other squatters. Of all, William Shakespeare remains the most famous individual in the history of humanity. Born in the April of the year 1564, William Shakespeare grew to be the greatest playwright, artist, dramatist, and writer ever witnessed by the world. To date, he remains the most famous writer of all times and most of his works have places in the libraries of the worlds leading universities, colleges, high schools, and academic resource centers (Shakespeare Kittredge, 1936). Allusions made to the prominence of his works include the earning of names like the national poet of England, Bardolatry and the Bard of Avon. Shakespeare wrote more than thirty plays, over one hundred and fifty poems, narrative poems and epitaphs. All his works have been translated into the worlds main languages and distributed across the world (Potter, 2012).Though very famous for his works, not many sources talk about Shakespeares private life. He was the son of Mary Arden and John Shakespeare and was born in Stratford-upon-Avon. He was the third born amongst eight siblings. Most of his elder brothers died and so he was viewed as the eldest surviving male child to Mary and John. He received his baptism from the Holy Trinity Church on April 26, 1564 and married Anne Hathaway in 1582. Their marriage was later blessed with three children; Susanna, Hamnet and Judith, the last two of whom were twins. He died after retiring from arts on the 23 April 1616 (Baker, 2009).The fame of William Shakespeare is based on his career. This career was sparked of by joining a theatre group which was based in London, and which was referred to as the Kings Men, earlier on Lord Chamberlains Men. Basing his writing of plays majorly on comedies and tragedies, Shakespeare created his own way of presenting art (Baker, 2009). It is worth noting that most of the plays written by Shakespeare rank top among those graded as finest. Examples of these include Macbeth, Othello, King Lear, and Hamlet as the most acclaimed among many. Other than being interesting, one can easily read one comedy or tragedy and still read another one with similar settings yet not get bored. It is because of his ability to capture total interest of the reader that Shakespeares plays won favor in the eyes of writers and readers (Shakespeare Kittredge, 1936).The poems produced by Shakespeare were many and magnificent. He wrote more than one hundred and fifty sonnets, which came at the onset of the 1600s. In his poems and sonnets, Shakespeare covers love, hatred, betrayal, corruption, marriage, societal evil, education, death, and several other aspects of the society that contribute to the day to day lif e of individuals. He takes part in advising and rebuking the society (Shakespeare Kittredge, 1936). He also takes p...

How to Become an Effective Hitter Essay - 716 Words

How to Become an Effective Hitter Babe Ruth is known for his 714 home runs. However, few people realize the other statistic he holds, which is having the most strikeouts of any player in the major league. This statistic helps to prove there is only a slight difference between a good hit and a strike. To become a good hitter in baseball, three fundamentals are necessary. First, the batters stance in the batters box, second, the batters eye contact on the ball, and third, the batters swing are the three fundamentals a good hitter will possess. First, a good stance in the batters box is required to hit the ball successfully. The stance is not only important to the hitter, but it informs the defense of the location of†¦show more content†¦The knees should not be locked but slightly bent. For example, when I hit, I usually foul a ball down the first or third base line so the outfielders move accordingly. In our final game of the season against Middle Georgia College in Cochran when I played softball in college, however, the right fielder was positioned way off the first base line towards second base. She was reading my even stance as I was trying to hit the ball up the middle or over second base. She was wrong. At the last minute, I changed my stance as the ball was coming and hit it right down the first base line. A good stance is important to becoming a productive hitter. Second, no matter how perfect the stance, unless a batter has good eye contact, a high batting average will never be possible. A pitcher can put a large number of different spins on the ball. For example, the curve ball, the slider, the fast ball, and the knuckle ball move differently. A batter needs to watch the ball from the time the pitcher releases it until the batter brings the bat around and through the ball. A batter cannot hit the ball unless one knows what direction the ball is traveling. Sally, a teammate at Macon College in 1993, was always striking out because at the last minute before swinging the bat she would close her eyes. After being convinced she could keep her eyes open while swinging, she was able to hit a game-winning double in our final game of theShow MoreRelatedHitting a Baseball: Is It the Hardest Thing to Do in All of Sports?1520 Words   |  7 Pagesyou ever wondered how baseball players are able to crush 400 foot homeruns? It takes years and ye ars to perfect a baseball swing to be able to do that. Swinging a bat and hitting a baseball is a lot more difficult than most people think. The pros make it look so easy because they have to perfect many mechanics just to hit a ball hard on the sweet spot of the bat. â€Å"Hitting is the single most difficult thing to do in sport.† this coming from Ted Williams, one of the greatest hitters of all time. 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They have many ideas on how to help you with concept, but there are four specific id eas that I believe effect thisRead MoreAdvertising in Baseball Stadiums1701 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Baseball is considered to be Americas favorite pastime and has become popular all over the world. This sport is watched by millions of people every time there is a game played. People will go to the stadiums to watch and a lot of fans will watch the game on television. Since there are so many people watching these games, advertising has become more and more apart of every baseball stadium due to the amount of exposure a company can receive by using the many types of ads found inRead MoreEssay about Advertising In Baseball Stadiums1673 Words   |  7 Pages Introduction nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Baseball is considered to be America’s favorite pastime and has become popular all over the world. This sport is watched by millions of people every time there is a game played. People will go to the stadiums to watch and a lot of fans will watch the game on television. Since there are so many people watching these games, advertising has become more and more apart of every baseball stadium due to the amount of exposure a company can receive by using theRead MoreThe Controversy Around Corporal Punishment1257 Words   |  6 Pages using switch cords, smacking, and etcetera. Those who are in favor of corporal punishment and believes that it should not be illegal, uses scriptures from the bible as justification. Supporters of corporal punishment feels as if spanking is an effective way to manage behavior. Those who are against spanking points out the negative, psychological issues, and mental disorders associated with whipping a child. This issue matters and is important to comprehend because spanking can lead to physical abuseRead MoreLegalizing Marijuana For Open Recreational Use1261 Words   |  6 Pagesrecreational use. Although the idea of legalizing marijuana for open recreational use may further incense opponents of its government sanctioning, it can also be contended that doing so only gives state and federal entities a better ability to monitor how marijuana is being distributed and removes a great deal of the temptation or necessity for users and distributors to use subvert the process of medicinal dispensing to obtain cannabis for recreational consumption. This issue also creates a new angle

Types of Information and Main Purposes of an Organisation - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2184 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Report on Types of information and main purposes of an organization. Acknowledgwment My grateful thanks go to my subject teacher Ismat Jahan, Teacher Of Business Communication at BAC. A big contribution and hard worked from you during the twelve week is very great indeed. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Types of Information and Main Purposes of an Organisation" essay for you Create order All projects and assingments during the program would be nothing without the enthusiasm and imagination from you. Besides, this internship program makes me realized the value of working together as a team and as a new experience in working at a corporate environment, which challenges me every minute. Not to forget, great appreciation goes to the rest of ACI Foods and ESP guitar Staff that helped me from time to time during the project. The whole program really brought us together to appreciate the true value of friendship and respect of each other and it was a great pleasure to working with the team. I would also like to thanks my friends especially those who helped me to collect the informations of ESP guitar Limited. Corporate Information In 1975, the UK based multinational musical company, Established a subsidiary in Dhaka, known as ESP Bangladesh Manufactures Limited. It was listed public limited company under Dhaka stock Exchange. In 1993, ESP is the first company in Ba ngladesh to obtain certification of ISO 9001 Quality Management System in 1995. In 1996 the LTD series was created to produce ESP at a moe affordable price .In 2002 ESP was ranked among the music industry fastest growing companies. This is largely due to the fender buyout . The custom shop and original series ESP are handcrafted in japan while the standard series ESP are factory made in Objectives of the study Broad Objective: Understand different types of business information; Be able to present business information effectively; Understand the issues and constraints in relation to the use of business information in organizations. Specific Objective: Types of information, purpose of information, source of information; Presentation methods to meet the needs of the users, output requirements, presenting corporate communication; Legal Issues of business information in organization, operational Issues in organization. Methodology Secondary method Information is being taken from both Internet and Book, but mostly Internet. Limitations of the study It was quite hard to collect the information .Because it was needed to check whether the information is authentic or not, checking books, studying the biography of the organization and a lot many things. Corporate Information In 1975, the UK based multinational musical company, Established a subsidiary in Dhaka, known as ESP Bangladesh Manufactures Limited. It was listed public limited company under Dhaka stock Exchange. In 1993, ESP is the first company in Bangladesh to obtain certification of ISO 9001 Quality Management System in 1995. In 1996 the LTD series was created to produce ESP at a moe affordable price .In 2002 ESP was ranked among the music industry fastest growing companies. This is largely due to the fender buyout . The custom shop and original series ESP are handcrafted in japan while the standard series ESP are factory made in japan. P1: Complete the t able like the one below to show the types, sources and purposes of information used within your selected organization. Try to include at least two examples of each type of information. Organization : ESP guitar Limited Type of information Example Description Purpose Source Verbal Meeting Interview It helps to discuss and taking decisions with all the members of department at a time , at a place. Ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s face to face communication , where the interviewer describes him/herself. It will help to know the current flow of customers thinking about the product and quality they are providing , so , that they can take the upcoming decisions gently. To know the background of the interviewer , instant feedback Customer services department Human Resource department Written Letter Report It is paper where all the things are written in words and numerical giving details about the topic. It is the paper where all the details are provided completely. It helps to get the complete information of the topic. Giving complete details of the records and customers feedback, so it can be easy to catch the problems and understand instantly. Market research Sales department On-screen Advertising Bill boards It is mainly displayed on television even by leaflets too. It provides the new images of a new product giving details about that. It helps the people to know about product provided by the organization. It helps to attract people to buy or think about the product. Customer service Production cost Multimedia Video Audio This helps to show any project arranging it properly and also. Helps to catch it instantly and nicely. Instant feedback by members or employees in the company. Helps to make remember and clear information. Market research Customer service Web-based E-mail Video conferencing This is the way to communicate with the members or employees safely. Instant communicate and immediate feedback . Helps the people to get details by hand authentic information. Helps to collect information authentically. Human resource Government source P2 Data Protection Act : As the world has become more reliant on technology,high-tech secrets,payment card data,employee and customer information,and other personal information.The data should be accurate where necessary and kept up to data. Other relevant legislation computer misuse: Using computer illegally is against the law,employees must not make change in any things regarding computer system.Using softwares inproperly and helping others to collect information outside the organization can pour the company to hot water,changing any part strictly restricted. Freedom of Information: They must provide this information when requested but also keep this information up to date and regulated so that it is accurate. What are ethical issues ? Email and internet: Email and internet are integral parts of typical workers daily routine,many employees are using email and the internet for just business however the problem arise.when employees use business resources for non business related taks,therefore business responding to legal risks by proactively combating problems more employees with internet access and email at work,which gives them a new way to cause potentionl problem for their employees. Organisational policies: Organisational must have the practices of doing work more ethically which leads them to do the business fair.Its just a ensuring the current news of market,collecting information which helps the organization what to do next for the company. Information Ownership: This states that,the information which has been given or the data by whom it is made must be responsible.Suppose if he/she makes a report that must be legal and valid company wont take the risk of fraudness if then he/she will face the penalties. HOW HAS IT BEEN MARKETED : Guitars are our passion. Since 1975 has created numerous iconic inistruments for legendary players. Spanning every genre of music. Our decades of experience in the design and manufacture guitars and basses has allowed us to provide the best options for us as a player. Bangladesh is now rich in music. ESP one of the best quality full guitar Bangladesh.now so many legend are using ESP guitar and buying from Bangladesh. In 1990 ESP guitar 1st time entered in Bangladeshi musical market.And day by day ESP guitar popular to the Bangladeshi musician just because good quality and good sound. HOW EFFECTIVE WAS THE MARKET: Esp guitar give us best quality guitar sound in low prices. Day by day Bangladeshi musician buying ESP guitar from Bangladeshi musical market. ESP guitar provide highest quality attractive look impressive performance. And they made best guitars thatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s why ESP guitars to much effective to the customers and the market.The ESP guitar features a basswood body. And a bolt on naple neek with roseswood fretboard providing comfort and speed. Sawtooth inbyes and black hardware complement the rest of the ESP guitar look perfectly. A double locking.ESP guitars tuners ensure that spot on on im tune every key. ESP guitar so much effective in market because ensure the snakeebyte was ready for wild and aggressive players. HOW DOSE THE BUSINESS MEASURE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ITS MARKETING : Esp guitars provide best guitars comparing to others. ESP guitars give us better customer services to comparing others guitars company. Thatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s why ESP guitar calculating profit.And other guitar company calculating lose. Day by day customers demand getting higher popularty getting incrassed gradually. Customers thinking more about ESP and buying ESP.Because ESP guitar full fill customers choice customers demand and making good product for customers. Thatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s why day by day ESP guitar market getting higher. And customars also happy with buying ESP guitars. P6 Explain the operational issues in relation to the use information : Business have to mange,store and collect lots of information. Information system have two principals issues of ensuring that one is that organization recive information.A number of of policies and procedures have to be put in place. Concerning security of information.Health and safety,backup,business continuance plan,cost and increasing sophistication. Health and safety: The health and safety(Display screen equipment)Regulations 1992 this is the minimum requipment laid down in this schedules.The equipment and the interface between the computer and oparetor. Another is the mangment of health and safety at work regulations.Every employer shall provide his employees with his comprehensible. Backups: Which can be then easily backed up later.these are the operational issuses which are stores on separate hardware from live versions of the information. Cost: Company always think about their profit.Many aspects of information mangment can cost money,which cannot be bear by all, therefore, a question will there be any profit expening on the things like small , copies of electronic information on a remote server.Thats why the business main two consideration. Cost of development : Company think about the product.And company need to improve themselves or not. Additional resourse needed: Makes the company think about any new staff or employee need or not. Business continuance plan: Company always thinking about the product existence. It is also considering about the problem risks to the company to hot water about the personal data. And they are always storing in their Recommendations ESP first should justify about the potential customers. Though, the brand is mainly targeted the heavy metal, black metal ,trash metal . But they must be very careful about maintaining the customers. ESP should develop the product quality according to the difference from the competitors. And if there no strong solid pints then the customers wonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t choose the product and the sales will not be up to the expectations. On TV it has been well advertised but they should highlight the information on the newspaper, radio and billboard advertising which is not up to the satisfactory. They should change the distribution system of the brand. And they should create a hope in the peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s mind that they can distribute the product at any time any where. They should also fulfill the lacking in the organization. Conclusion ESP is operating its Alexi and Ltd brand in a very competitive saturated market. IN this market consumers are not well aware of the brands operating and only two or three brands have top of the mind positioning. This is very tough to make a separate positioning in the market and create certain points of differences. ESP brand has positioned well in the market. Still, Alexi brand could positioned in a better way since ESP has a good corporate image and financial backup as well. They should also focus on the competitors are doing. In this respect price is the most important issue. ESP should try to minimize its production cost of Alexi and try to sell it at lowest it at lowest possible price as the entire competing brand selling the product of almost same benefit. Consumers are likely to consider price as the decision making tool when they buy. So, price should get highest priority when it is set. References Anon, (2014). https://www.espguitars.com/. Anon, (2014). . https://www.espguitars.com/ SN Topic Pages 1. Chapter 1: Introduction 1 i. Introduction 2. Chapter 2: Background of the Study 2 i. Objectives of the Study ii. Methodology iii. Limitation of the Study 3. Chapter 3: Organization Overview 3-5 i. Corporate Information ii. Organization Structure iii. Objective of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Xà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ iv. Missions v. Vision vi. Products and Services 4. Chapter 4: Analysis and Findings 6-13 i. P1 ii. P2 iii. P5 iv. P6 5. Chapter 5: Recommendation 14 6. Chapter 6: Conclusion 15 7. Chapter 7: References Bibliography 16 Introduction Business communication is the sharing of information between people within an organization that is performed for the commercial benefit of an organistaion which relays information within a business or a function as an official statement from a company. It can also be refer as internal communication that takes place within the organization. There are two types of business communication in an organization. Internal communication. External communication. Internal Communication The communication that is being within the organization is called à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Internal communicationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . It can be any type informal, formal function, or department providing communication in various forms to employees. External Communication The communication which is related outside the organization is called à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“External Organizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Supervisors communicate with sources outside the organization, such as customers. It leads to both sales volume and company profits.

Rating Agencies Fuelled The Crisis Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1359 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Not only credit rating has a major influence on capital allocation decisions, it is also a key aspect that managers take into consideration when making capital structures decisions. Indeed, in 2002, the Wall Street Journal indicated that Fiat was focusing on decreasing its debt level since it was increasingly worried about a possible downgrade of its credit rating. According to Graham and Harveys findings in 2001, CFOs consider credit ratings as the second most important considerations when they determine the corporations financial structure. Moreover, it is important to remind the fact that the capital structure decision of a firm, which can be characterized as the allocation of long-term debt and equity in the capital structure used to financed fixed assets, is financial decision of significant important for managers. However, although there is has been a heated debate on the various factors that influence the capital structure of a corporation, there has been f ew researches that argue that credit ratings is a key component of the process concerning capital structure decision making. Indeed, if Kisgen explained in 2006 that credit ratings have a direct influence on capital structure decisions, his study was based on a sample of American companies for the period from 1986 and 2001. Due to the very active corporate bonds market in the United-States, American data was abundant. In addition, in 2011, Michelsen and Klein analyzed a international sample of companies for the period from 1990 to 2008 and found the same results based on the fact that credit ratings strongly impact the capital structure of corporations. No researcher has yet focused on assessing the relation between credit ratings and the capital structure decision making in European countries. As a result, the research questions on which this study will be based are the following: -Does the corporate credit rating provided by rating agencies have an impact on the capital structu re decisions made by management in European countries? -How is this rating reflected in the financial structure of corporations? Does this only affect the firms leverage level or also the amount of equity? -Does an upgrade have the same influence on the capital structure decision made by management than a downgrade? The two main theories concerning the factors that affect the capital structure decisions of a firm are the trade-off and the pecking order theory. These modern theories have been derived from the work done by Modigliani Miller in 1958, which is based on the fact that a firms value is not correlated to its leverage. The acknowledgement of the existence of bankruptcy costs and taxes has resulted in the development of the trade-off theory. This theory assumes that a value-maximizing firm will compare the benefits of issuing debt, such as the value of interest tax shields, with the costs of debt such as the direct and indirect costs of bankruptcy in order to determi ne the optimal capital structure of the company. The pecking-order theory is based on the existence of asymmetric information and argues that firms will usually prefer to use internal funds and equity rather than issuing equity due to asymmetric information costs (Myers, 1984). As a result, this theory does not provide an optimal level of debt: companies will issue debt when investment exceeds internal funds and leverage will decrease when investment is below internal funds. However, the determination of the optimal capital structure of a firm is very complex task for management. Both theories mentioned above do not take into account all relevant factors that explain the capital structure decisions made by a firms management. Indeed, Graham and Harvey stated in 2001 that 57,1% of CFOs considered that credit ratings had a significance influence on their decisions concerning the optimal gearing level for their firms. For this study, we will use the empirical research method. Wit hin this research framework, we will use the secondary data method. The sample is based of all companies with a credit rating that belong to the STOXX Europe 600 Index. According to Faulkender and Petersen, companies that have a public debt rating issue approximately 78% of outstanding debt. As a result, the sample chosen reflects a large portion of active firms in capital markets. The STOXX Europe 600 Index, derived from the STOXX Europe Total Market Index (TMI), is composed of 600 companies and reflects large, mid and small capitalization companies across 18 countries of the European region: Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom. We will extract two types of secondary data from the Datastream database: -the companies financial statements extracted from their financial statements for the period from Q1 2000 until Q1 2012. This time period reflects two cycles : the 2000 bullish market in the global capital market thanks to the burst of the dot-com boom as well as two major economic crisis: the 2001 dot com bubble burst and the 2008 financial and economic crisis with the collapse of Lehmans Brothers. -the firms long term corporate obligations ratings by Moodys that characterizes as the opinions of the relative credit risk of fixed-income obligations with an original maturity of one year or more and that reflect both the likehood of default and any financial loss suffered in the event of default. (Moodys 2009). The corporate credit rating used in prior work (for example Kisgen, 2006) is the long-term issuer credit rating of SP. By choosing Moodys long-term corporate obligations ratings, we will be able to assess of there is any discrepancies between the results found using the credit ratings of SP and those using the ratings of another credit rating agency. We will apply a selection criteria for this sample: -we will exclude from the study companies that have been deleted from the STOXX Europe 600 due to delistings, mergers and takeovers -we will also exclude financial firms such as banks, insurances and investments firms since debt and equity issuances for this category of firms has a different goal than for service or industrial firms, which as been argued by Lasfer in 1995 -we will exclude from the sample any companies which is not characterized by Datastream as an issuer on the corporate bond market -finally, we will exclude companies which are not rated by Moodys from Q1 2000 until Q1 2012 or which financial statements are not available. For this study, we will carry out a methodological approach based on Kisgen (2006) empirical design. In order to assess the fact that a company close to a credit rating downgrade or upgrade will issue less debt compared to equity in order to avoid a downgrade or to maximize its chances to benefit from an upgrade (the CR-CS hypothesis), Kisgen (2006) states t hat there are three levels of credit rating changes: credit rating change from investment-grade to non-investment grade, the Broad Ratings change, a Broad Rating being a credit category that includes the plus, middle and minus specification of a certain rating (for example, B+, B and B-), and the Micro Ratings which are specific ratings that include a plus or a minus modification, if given. For our study, we will only focus on the first two potential credit rating changes since they are the most significant. We will therefore conduct two empirical tests: the Plus or Minus test (POM) to test for a credit rating change from one broad category to another and the Investment Grade vs Speculative Grade test (IGSG) to assess the impact of a change from investment grade to non-investment grade. In both these tests, the same dependent variable will be used to define the capital structure of the firm: it will be reflected by measures of the amount of net debt relative to net equity issued by the firm. Due to the fact that we will extract from Datastream Moodys credit rating at the beginning of the year for each firm, we will use measures of a firm capital structure for the subsequent 12 months. In addition, we will opt for book values since credit rating agencies often use these variables instead of market values. Moreover, book values are measures that highlight decisions made by the management of a company. In order to make the distinction between corporations that are close to a potential downgrade or upgrade and firms that are not, Kisgen (2006) also introduced dummy variables. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Rating Agencies Fuelled The Crisis Finance Essay" essay for you Create order

Social Media And Its Effect On Society - 998 Words

As technological advances have propelled humans into a new century there is bound to be a shift in social norms. As the times change, so does societal views on acceptable values. One such possibility is the standard value accepted by mainstream society in which the way a female body is sexually portrayed in the media. It appears that society has not only accepted this standard, but has increasingly encouraged a more sexualized representation of the female body. Social media is an informational highway about what is accepted by the larger society and inferred by the individuals who consume it. The internet has increased the amount of information, basically limitless, people can receive via Facebook, Instagram, Youtube, and many other forms of social media. What are the risks and consequences of the messages that are sent to and received by adolescent females through the social media of the idealistic sexualized female body? We hypothesize that, social media increases the risk of self- objectification in adolescent females increasing the risk factors for mental health disorders and puberty development. The purpose of this project is to discover the risks of self-objectification and the effects that it has on the mental health of adolescent females. This topic was chosen based on the idea of gender related oppression that we as female social workers may encounter both personally and professionally. The term self-objectification originates from objectification theory. ThisShow MoreRelatedSocial Media And Its Effects On Society1597 Words   |  7 PagesSociety Crumbles into Smithereens One Post at a Time You are walking out of the new Star Wars movie, posting about how superb it was, when suddenly you are swooped up and thrown in the back of a vehicle. No one would have thought posting about how you were there earlier would provoke such a situation. After all, social networking is â€Å"safe† and â€Å"friendly.† Now, social media is defined as â€Å"A form of electric communication through which users create online communities to share information,† accordingRead MoreSocial Media And Its Effect On Society1711 Words   |  7 Pagesinfluence usually are not the first words you would expect to come to mind when thinking about the term â€Å"social media,† yet with a little digging you will soon realize it could be the perfect description. Social media can be defined as forms of electronic communication through which users create online communities to share information, ideas, personal messages and other content. 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Are we as a society becoming more concerned with Facebook friends than we are with the people we interact with face-to-face in our daily lives? What will the longterm effects of today s social media use be? There are many positive aspects, but there are equally as many dangers that come withRead MoreSocial Media And Its Effect On Society1151 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Media The Workplaces’ Largest Enemy Being employed means that an individual will in most cases have coworkers and bosses; the environment shared between the employees is known as the workplace. In the time before technology, people being fired from their jobs was not an unheard of situation. The difference now is people are being terminated from their jobs because of something they posted on social media. If this was not the case, it would set a precedent that posting inappropriate or hurtfulRead MoreSocial Media And Its Effects On Society Essay1396 Words   |  6 PagesIn our modern world, the use of social media is overwhelming and second nature due to the availability. Several people all around the world possess some form of an electronic device that is capable of accessing social media, rather it be Facebook, Twitter, Snapchat, Instagram, and many more. â€Å"Technology’s rampant popularization over the past decade in terms of social media has meant that texting, Facebook, and Twitter have inevitable take n over as the most efficient ways of communicating with eachRead MoreSocial Media And Its Effects On Society1703 Words   |  7 PagesStrangely, being on social media for several hours daily is regarded as normal. Although social media use would be classified as a mainstream activity, that does not make common behavior the correct behavior. â€Å"Behaviors[sic] such as attempting to attract more followers about your life.† (Fishwick, 2016). Users today are more willing to participate in activities such as cyberbullying, or activities that could potentially harm others or themselves mentally or physically. Getting praise and compliments

Critical Study of LLM information technology and telecommunications law Free Essays

1.0 INTRODUCTION Recent advances in three areas — computer technology, telecommunications technology, and software and information technology — are changing lives in ways scarcely imagined less than two decades ago. These modern technologies are being combined, especially through the Internet, to link millions of people in every corner of the word, deals are struck, transactions completed, and decisions taken in a time-frame that would have seemed simply inconceivable a few years ago. We will write a custom essay sample on Critical Study of LLM information technology and telecommunications law or any similar topic only for you Order Now Shopping has evolved with growth of technology which has made it possible for people to conclude on line rather in store and with this came the advent of electronic transactions (E-Contacts). Electronic commerce (EC or e-commerce) describes the process of buying, selling, transferring, or exchanging products, services, or information via computer networks, including the Internet and a legal frame work that would regulate the buying and selling of goods at a distance has been created. The aim of the European Union legislation in the field of distance selling is to put consumers who purchase goods or services through distance communication means in a similar position to consumers who buy goods or services in shops thereby creating confidence and certainty in distance contracts. The Directive 1997/7/EC (Distance Selling Directive) was put in place to address the growing trend and provides a number of fundamental legal rights for consumers in order to ensure a high level of consumer protection throughout the EU. The E-commerce Directive 2000/31/EC was also adopted to provide a legal framework for the provision of Information Society Services within the European Union. In the words of the European Consumer Affairs Commissioner Meglena Kuneva. â€Å"Consumers and retailers are beginning to embrace e-commerce at national level but internal market barriers still persist online. The potential of the online internal market to deliver greater choice and lower price to consumers and new markets for retailers is considerable. We need to redouble our efforts to tackle the remaining borders.† This essay is going to look at protection available to consumers under existing rules, particularly those concerning distance contracts and/or the provision of information society services, remedies available to John under the existing Legal framework, the challenges of cross border e – commerce in the EU and evaluate the proposals in the new framework. 2.0 THE DISTANCE SELLING DIRECTIVE 97/7/EC The Distance Selling Directive applies to any consumer distance contract made under the law of an EU-Member State as well as the European Economic Area (EEA). The directive ensuring the protection of consumers within the EU in respect of distance contractusing â€Å"means of distance communication† has provided certain rights and obligations between a supplier and consumer. Directive 97/7/EC applicable law consumer distance contracts within EU Member State as well as European Economic Area (EEA). The directive aims at ensuring a high level of protection for consumers within the EU by providing certain rights and obligations between a supplier and consumer when transacting at a distance using â€Å"means of distance communication.† It provides the following the rights: According to the Directive the following consumer rights among others need to be respected: Article 4 of the Directive provides the provision of comprehensive information by the supplier before the purchase. Article 5 provides that the confirmation of the information by the supplier in (Art 4) t0 be in a durable medium( such as written confirmation) The Consumer’s right to cancel the contract within a minimum of 7 working days without giving any reason and without penalty, except the cost of returning the goods (right of withdrawal) is provided for by Article 6. Article 6(2) provides the consumer’s right to a refund within 30 days of cancellation, in the event that where the consumer cancels the contract. Article 7 provides that the delivery of the goods or performance of the service by the supplier shall be wi within 30 days of the day after the consumer placed his order or where the goods or service ordered is not available inform the consumer of any alternative at the same price or a refund as soon as possible or within 30 days. Article 8 Provides Protection from fraudulent use of payment cards by allowing a consumer to request cancellation of a payment where fraudulent use has been made of his payment card in connection with distance contracts covered by this Directive. Article 12 The strength of every distance contract rest upon the prior information requirement as provided by Article 4 and must be complied with. In accordance with the directive the following prior information shall be furnished by the supplier to the consumer in good time prior to the conclusion of any distance contractstating: â€Å"(a) the identity of the supplier and, in the case of contracts requiring payment in advance, his address; (b) the main characteristics of the goods or services; (c) the price of the goods or services including all taxes; (d) delivery costs, where appropriate; (e) the arrangements for payment, delivery or performance; (f) the existence of a right of withdrawal, except in the cases referred to in Article 6 (3); (g) the cost of using the means of distance communication, where it is calculated other than at the basic rate; (h) the period for which the offer or the price remains valid; (i) where appropriate, the minimum duration of the contract in the case of contracts for the supply of products or services to be performed permanently or recurrently.† As regards John case it can be said that requirement of Article 4( 1) (a) (e) and (f), as stated above and that of ‘address’ ‘performance ‘ and a ‘right of withdrawal’ was not complied with. And the provisions of Art 5(1) which provides that consumer must receive written confirmation or confirmation in another durable medium available and accessible to him of the information referred to in Article 4 (1) (a) to (f), in good time during the performance of the contract was not complied with. It can be categorically said that if the provisions of (Art 5(1)) was met as required John would not be having difficulty contacting the supplier seeking redress, because the ‘prior information’ in writing or a durable medium would have availed him of the ‘geographic address’ of the supplier , time for performance of the contract and his right of withdrawal. Also taking a look at Art 7( 1)(97/7/EC) which states that â€Å"unless the parties have agreed otherwise, the supplier must execute the order within a maximum of 30 days from the day following that on which the consumer forwarded his order to the supplier; and also Art 7(2)(97/7/EC) Where a supplier fails to perform his side of the contract on the grounds that the goods or services ordered are unavailable, the consumer must be informed of this situation and must be able to obtain a refund of any sums he has paid as soon as possible and in any case within 30 days; and lastly Art7(3)(97/7/EC)which further states that hat the supplier may provide the consumer with goods or services of equivalent quality and price provided that this possibility was provided for prior to the conclusion of the contract or in the contract. With regards to the goods that were not delivered It can be said that John was not of the above information stated in Art 7(2) of the directive or even an equivalent a s provided in 7 (3) In the event that the contract is part performed and the issues of non delivery of the some of the goods ordered arises, items that John purchased which falls under the directive would be required to be listed. Games Console A tricycle Music CD’s An iPod Box of Chocolates 3.0 THEE– COMMERCE DIRECTIVE 2000/31/EC The E-Commerce Directive 2000/31/EC sets out principles and duties to reach a high standard of consumer protection.[14] The directive ensures â€Å"the free movement of â€Å"information society services† across the European Community and to encourage greater use of e-commerce by breaking down barriers across Europe and boost consumer confidence and trust by clarifying the rights and obligations of businesses and consumers†[15] Remedies available to John under the provisions of this directive are going to be taken into considerations. Art 2(a) of the directive makes reference to the definition of â€Å"information society services†: within the meaning of Article 1(2) of Directive 98/34/EC as amended by Directive 98/48/EC; which provides defines an ‘ISS’ as ‘‘any service normally provided for remuneration, at a distance, by means of electronic equipment for the processing (including digital compression) and storageof data, and at the individual request of a recipient of a service;’’(Art. 1(2)98/48/EC) Considering the words ‘any service normally provided for remuneration, at a distance, by means of electronic equipment’ the e-book accurately falls under it as John’s computer being the ‘equipment’ that would receive the e – book and John been the recipient of the service. Art. 5 (1) of the E- Commerce directive provides general information requirements that an ISS provider must provide to recipients’ of the service easily, directly and permanently prior to the conclusion of the contract: An ISS â€Å"provider shall render easily, directly and permanently accessible to the recipients of the service and competent authorities, information: (a) the name of the service provider; (b) the geographic address at which the service provider is established; (c) the details of the service provider, including his electronic mail address, which allow him to be contacted rapidly and communicated with in a direct and effective manner;†(Art. 5(1)(a – c )2000/31/EC) Taking a look at the provisions of Article 5(1) (a)-(c) the question now is if the online supplier meets the requirements for provision of an ISS. In John’s case a geographic address was not provided pursuant to Art. 5 (1) (b) an e – mail address was provided pursuant to Art. 5(1) (c) of the directive. But considering the position of the court in the German case of Bundesverband der Verbraucherzentralen und Verbraucherverbande – Verbraucherzentrale Bundesverband eVV. deutsche internet versicherung AG[18] (‘’DIV Case’’) It was held by the courts that providing only an e – mail address as a sole means of contact does not comply with the provision of Art. 5(1) (c) of the directive stating categorically that â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.in addition to its e – mail address other information which allows the service provider to be contacted rapidly†¦..†[19][Emphasis supplied] That is it would be fundamental for other means of contact to be provided by the supplier. With regards to the decision of the court in the above case and the provisions of Article 5 (1)(c) the e – mail address of the online supplier cannot be said to fully comply with the provisions of Art. 5 (1) (c), This is because in the words of paragraph 17 of the Judgement â€Å"Thus, it is clear from the wording of Article 5(1)(c), and in particular the word ‘including’, that the Community legislature intended to require the service provider to supply recipients of the service, in addition to its electronic mail address, with other information in order to achieve the result intended by that provision† That is the ISS provider is to provide details including its e – mail address to achieve the purpose of rapid communication in a direct and effective manner. Borrowing the decision in the above case,the provision of Art 5(1) (c) is not fully satisfied by the on line supplier as ‘details of the service provider ’ which allow him to be contacted rapidly and communicated with in a direct and effective manner† is not provided, as this is evident in the fact it is taking a few days to get a response to e-mails which John has sent demanding redress. The court in paragraph 20 of the Judgement further said that â€Å"Accordingly, the mention of the ‘electronic mail address’ in Article 5 (1)(c) of the Directive reflects the Community legislature’s wish to ensure that information giving access to an electronic communication is to be supplied by the service provider to the recipients of the service, but does not mean that it intended to dispense with other types of non-electronic communication which may be used in addition to it† Further information is also provided for by Article 10 of the directive that except where expressly agreed otherwise at least the following information is given by the service provider clearly, comprehensibly and unambiguously and prior to the order being placed by the recipient of the service: â€Å"(a) the different technical steps to follow to conclude the contract; (b) whether or not the concluded contract will be filed by the service provider and whether it will be accessible; (c) the technical means for identifying and correcting input errors prior to the placing of the order; (d) the languages offered for the conclusion of the contract.† Article 11 further provides that except when otherwise agreed by parties who are not consumers, that in cases where the recipient of the service places his order through technological means, the following principles apply:â€Å"the service provider has to acknowledge the receipt of the recipient’s order without undue delay and by electronic means; and the order and the acknowledgement of receipt are deemed to be received when the parties to whom they are addressed are able to access them†In this circumstance there is no indication that any statement was in fact provided regarding the different technical steps John would take to conclude the contract or access the service requested , as John would be better informed. Information on how to identify and resolve input errors nor was language requirements also provided. The statutory duty required by the directive to provide the requisite information for the conclusion of contract has not been fully complied with by the on line supplier. And also the acknowledgement of receipt as provided for by Article 11 was not sent to John. The next question to ask is that are there any remedies available to John under the directives (97/7/ec 2000/31/ec). In accordance with the provisions of Article 6 under the distance selling directive the right of withdrawal can be exercised by John and where the right of withdrawal has been exercised the supplier shall be obliged to reimburse the sums paid by the consumer free of charge as soon as possible or within 30 days he shall only bear the cost of return of the goods. Following the provisions of Art 6 John can exercise his right of withdrawal for the games console and tricycle. But by virtue of Art 6(3) which provides that â€Å"Unless the parties have agreed otherwise, the consumer may not exercise the right of withdrawal provided for in paragraph 1 in respect of contracts: – for the provision of services if performance has begun, with the consumer’s agreement, before the end of the seven working day period referred to in paragraph 1, – for the supply of goods or services the price of which is dependent on fluctuations in the financial market which cannot be controlled by the supplier, – for the supply of goods made to the consumer’s specifications or clearly personalized or which, by reason of their nature, cannot be returned or are liable to deteriorate or expire rapidly, – for the supply of audio or video recordings or computer software which were unsealed by the consumer, – for the supply of newspapers, periodicals and magazines, – for gaming and lottery services† John can only exercise his right of withdrawal for the music CD’s and games, if the goods have not been ‘unsealed.’ The iPod engraved with his child’s name also falls under the Art 6(3) because it is made to John’s specifications and personalized with engraving of his son’s name. The box of chocolate cannot be returned as it is liable to deteriorate or expire rapidly. Pursuant to Art 7(1) of the directive â€Å"unless the parties have agreed otherwise, the supplier must execute the order within a maximum of 30 days from the day following that on which the consumer forwarded his order to the supplier† and since the goods have not been fully delivered and no refund of any sums he has paid as soon as possible and in any case within 30 days as stated in Art 7(2) and that the â€Å"supplier may provide the consumer with goods or services of equivalent quality and price provided that this possibility was provided for prior to the conclusion of the contract or in the contract†¦ the cost of returning the goods following exercise of the right of withdrawal (by John)shall, in this case, be borne by the supplier†Art7(3) By the provisions of Art 6(4) John can withdraw from the contract within a period of 3 months depending on the EU member state he is domiciled in and any credit agreement cancelled without penalty as there is no prior information providing for 7 days ‘cooling off period’ Art.11 provides ‘John’ with judicial or administrative redress thus he can approach the courts in his country’s court or an administrative body responsible for consumer protection, to ensure that the national provisions for the implementation of this Directive are applied. By the provisions of Art. 12 consumer may not waive the rights conferred on him by the transposition of this Directive. An effective means to deal with consumers’ complaints in respect of distance selling shall also be established as provided for by Art 17 In this regard the supplier has breached the provisions of Articles 4, 5, 6 11 of the directive. An action for a breach of duty under the E- Commerce directive (2000/31/EC) to provide information prior to contract can also be brought by the customer by the provisions of Art 5 as the supplier did not state the different technical means in concluding the contract or an acknowledgement of receipt of the information in when accessed or, hence the supplier is in breach of Art 11As the required information were not provided by the ISS prior to the conclusion of the contract. The requirements are important as provided in Articles. 5,10 11 of the EC directive. On the issue of exercising the right of withdrawal we refer to Recital 11 of the directive which provides that the E – commerce directive is subject to the protection in 97/7/EC with regards right of withdrawal under Art 6 97/7EC. Also by Art 6(3) the e – book reader purchased by John, if he was able to access it, would be precluded by Art 6(3) because due to its nature it cannot be returned. Article 17 18 also provides for out of court settlement and court. Complaints can be lay by the consumer through a consumer advocacy bureau such as the European Consumer Centres Network (ECC-Net) The same protection is also provided for in Art. 12 (2) of the 97/7/EC which guarantee’ s the consumer in the Europe even when the country is a not member of the European Union but has a close connection with the territory of one or more EU member states. However, subject to Article 15(1) (c) of the Brussels I Regulation (44/2001) a consumer in Europe’s habitual domicile shall have Jurisdiction to entertain suit a filed against the trader who ‘directs his activities’ towards the consumers country or to several other countries including country and the contract falls within the scope of those activities, similarly the applicable law shall be that of the consumer’s habitual domicile if it can be found that the trader also ‘directs his activities’ towards that country or several other countries including that country as provided for in Art. 6 (1) (c) of the Rome I Regulation EC (593/2008). 4.0 CROSSING THE LINES: THE CHALLENGE OF CROSS BORDER E – COMMERCE IN THE EU A 2007 report by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development found consistent reasons â€Å"retailers don’t export everything from fear of fraud, concerns over logistics and payments, import laws and language barriers. Indeed, discussions about doing business globally and accepting international payments online sometimes conjure images of nightmarish complications — increased risk of fraudulent transactions, complex political or regulatory issues, and customs or taxation problems† The European Commission in March 2009 published a detailed report on cross-border e-commerce .The report revealed that the gap between domestic and cross-border e-commerce was widening. From 2006 to 2008, the share of EU consumers shopping online grew from 27% to 33% while cross border e-commerce remained more or less at the same level (6% to 7%). Potential for cross-border online trade is also failing to materialize . 51% of EU27 retailers sell via the internet, but only 21% are currently conducting cross-border transactions, down from 29% in 2006 (in the EU25). The same proportion (21%) advertises cross-border. And retailers who do trade cross-border usually only sell to very few Member States: only 4% of those retailers trade with 10 or more Member States, most trade with one or two other Member States. The issue of redress is the major constraint of cross border e – Commerce in the EU because in most cases goods requested are not delivered by the e – merchants. According to the ECC – Net ‘73 % of the complaints that was received in 2008 was for non delivery’ of the goods or services ordered, while 15 % of the complaints was for delayed delivery and 7% was for partial delivery which is similar to the case of ‘John’ and e- toys4U.hk. This is due largely divergent consumer protection regimes in different Member states and non compliance of e – merchants with the directives. For retailers in Europe, the fragmentation of consumer protection rules and other rules on VAT, recycling fees and levies are the main regulatory barriers to cross-border e-commerce. The national implementation of these rules differs markedly from one Member State to another, giving rise to a business environment that is complex, costly and unpredictable. The adoption of proposals to tackle these obstacles is therefore central to changing the behaviour of retailers and, as a result, the opportunities for consumers. When trying to shop online consumers are faced with a number of problems in another country. Foreign online traders have severally refused to accept orders from consumers living in another country. As uncertainty about what to do or who to turn to should they experience a problem are experienced by consumers, especially if it comes to resolving a complaint with a foreign trader. The fragmentation in the existing legislative framework is believed by the European commission not adequately protect consumers and creates internal market problems: â€Å"The European Commission have cited the legal fragmentation of business-toconsumer rules as a barrier to the Internal Market and consumer confidence in crossborder shopping. Member States have different rules on distance and off-premises selling and these variations create unnecessary costs and disincentives for business when trading cross-border. In order to achieve a single set of European contract rules on consumer remedies, EU action is necessary to harmonise the legislative and regulatory framework across the 27 Member State† To build consumer confidence and to promote cross-border consumer purchases within the EU, a new consumer rights directive has recently been proposed by the European Commission. If implemented, the Directive will replace four existing consumer directives, namely the Doorstep Selling Directive (85/577/EEC), the Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Directive (93/13/EEC), the Distance Selling Directive (97/7/EC) and the Consumer Sales and Guarantees Directive (1999/44/EC). The effect would be one of full harmonisation across each of the 27 member states. 5.0 ISSUES PROPOSED IN THE NEW CONSUMER PROTECTION DIRECTIVES A higher level of consumer protection is ensured, establishing a real retail internal market, making it easier and less costly for traders to sell cross border and providing consumers with a larger choice and competitive prices. The proposed Directive, specifically Articles 4 and 5, would establish minimum requirements for consumer protection.It would put in place EU wide rules covering: PRE-CONTRACTUAL INFORMATION : A contract prior to conclusion , the Directive would require before concluding a contract the Directive would require key information such as, the main characteristics of the product, geographical address and identity of the trader, the price inclusive of taxes, all additional freight, delivery or postal charges etc to be provided by the trader to the consumer. As this would enable the consumer to make an informed choice. RULES ON DELIVERY AND PASSING ON RISK TO THE CONSUMER (CURRENTLY NOT REGULATED AT EU LEVEL): the consumer would be protected against the risk of loss or damage to transported goods, the consumer would be protected, until he actually receives them. A maximum of 30 calendar days is allowed for the trader to deliver the goods to the consumer from signing the contract. In the event of late or non delivery of a good, a right to a refund as soon as possible and no later than 7 days from the date of delivery can be exercised by the consumer. COOLING OFF PERIODS (DISTANCE AND PRESSURE SALES): An EU wide cooling off period of 14 calendar days is introduced by the proposed directive, for items bought on line or during a visit from a trader to the consumer’s home, allowing time for the consumer to be able to change their mind, cancel the order, return the goods and get their money back. REPAIRS, REPLACEMENT, AND GUARANTEES: A particular standard set of remedies would be made available to consumers by the proposed directive in respect of a faulty product (i.e. repair or replacement in the first place, followed by the reduction of the price or the reimbursement of money). In the event that a good is defective, the consumer would have the right to have it replaced or repaired within two years from the purchase or their money back. UNFAIR CONTRACT TERMS: The proposed Directive would introduce a new list of unfair contract terms called the black list to be prohibited across the EU. The proposed Directive would also strengthen consumer protection in other areas, including: †¢ Online auctions – Auctions (including e-auctions) would be required by the directive to meet standard information obligations(new) – price, geographical address of trader, delivery costs etc – but exempting auctions from the right of withdrawal, due to the nature of the auction bidding process. †¢ Pressure Selling – A broader new definition of direct selling contracts and other steps to close loopholes would be imposed by the proposed Directive. Due to the high number a high number of consumer complaints, the protection against pressure selling will be tightened up on several fronts. First, the definition of what is covered by consumer protection rules is made much wider. The definition of â€Å"off-premises contract† is broadened to avoid, as is the case at present, a large number of off- premises contracts falling outside the scope of the Doorstep Selling Directive. Pressure selling in the street, or at home parties, will now be covered. Most importantly, there would be an extension of consumer protection to cover solicited visits which consumers will benefit from, which had been causing a high number of complaints. Facilitation of online supermarket sales with home delivery, and solicited craftsmen services, by clearly exempting them from the right of withdrawal. Is intended by the new rules CONCLUSION Consumer protection directives, definition of terms, legal regimes, differ in each countries, so does the protections vary.Big business responded by setting up shop in other member states while small and medium businesses remained within their National boundaries because of the high cost of complying with different national laws. With full harmonization in place, there is certainty for a consumer is in the UK that his rights are the same if he buys a product on – line at a distance from Germany or another member state. There is also greater certainty for the consumer and the trader across border. There would be a reduction in compliance cost as regards businesses they will now be able to trade across the 27 EU member states using the same terms and conditions. Internal market will be able to gain the necessary impetus to actually be the single market envisaged by the Union as the gap between cross border transactions will be closed. Uniformity, Predictability and Certainty towards the Single Market can be said of full harmonization. BIBLIOGRAPHY ELECTRONIC COMMERCE AND THE ROLE OF THE WTO http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/ecom_e/special_study_e.pdf E-Business and E-Commerce http://pdfcast.org/pdf/e-business-and-e-commerce Gap between domestic and cross-border e-commerce grows wider, says EU report http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/08/980 Europa-Consumer Affairs-Distance selling http://ec.europa.eu/consumers/cons_int/safe_shop/dist_sell/index_en.htm Distance contracts http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/consumers/protection_of_consumers/l32014_en.htm[1] Article 2 (4) (97/7/EC) http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31997L0007:EN:NOT Art 4 (1) (a – h ) (97/7/EC) http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31997L0007:EN:NOT Does harmonisation go far enoughThe E-Commerce Directive 2000/31/EC: implementation and sanctions http://inderscience.metapress.com/app/home/contribution.asp?referrer=parentbackto=issue,10,17;journal,10,10;linkingpublicationresults,1:120796,1 The Electronic Commerce Directive (00/31/ec) The electronic Commerce (ECDIRECTIVE)Regulations 2002 (si 2002 No. 2013) http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http://www.dti.gov.uk/industries/ecommunications/electronic_commerce_directive_0031ec.html Directive 2000/31/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 June 2000 on certain legal aspects of information society services, in particular electronic commerce, in the Internal Market (‘Directive on electronic commerce’) Official Journal L 178 , 17/07/2000 P. 0001 – 0016 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32000L0031:EN:HTML ECJ C – 298/07 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:62007J0298:EN:NOT Pia Messner v. Firma Stefan Kruger, C?489/07: the trader requested or a compensation for the use of the goods German consumer protection Law , the court held that such a compensation will amount to a charge which is not the intention of the Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/legal_service/arrets/07c489_en.pdf The ECC – Net is a consumer complaints and advocacy body responsible for ensuring consumer protection in the EU http://ec.europa.eu/consumers/redress_cons/ Business without borders: A look at the New, Flat, cross-border payment opportunities http://www.tsys.com/thoughtLeadership/ngenuityInAction/current_issue/Spring09BusinessWithOutBordersPayPal.cfm Consumers: online shopping increasingly popular in the EU, but development â€Å"held back† by barriers to cross border trade http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/09/354format=HTMLaged=0language=EN ECC – Net’s 2008 Annual Report http://ec.europa.eu/consumers/redress_cons/docs/ecc_annual_report_2008_en.pdf Proposed Consumer Rights Directive http://www.parliament.uk/briefingpapers/commons/lib/research/briefings/snha-05097.pdf Commission of the European Communities, Green Paper on The Review of the Consumer Acquis, 08.02.2007, COM (2006) 744 final, http://ec.europa.eu/consumers/rights/cons_acquis_en.htm Proposal for a Directive on Consumer Rights http://ec.europa.eu/consumers/rights/cons_acquis_en.htm Proposal for a Directive on Consumer Rights http://ec.europa.eu/consumers/rights/cons_acquis_en.htm Proposed Consumer Rights Directive http://www.parliament.uk/briefingpapers/commons/lib/research/briefings/snha-05097.pdf Dismantling barriers to cross-border online shopping. Frequently Asked Questions http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=MEMO/09/475format=HTMLaged=0language=EN How to cite Critical Study of LLM information technology and telecommunications law, Essay examples