The Hidden Power of Their Intense Fragility

Almost every human being born on our planet was given a gift of romantic love at least once in a lifetime. Being in love is the condition when even the most hardened pragmatics feel themselves capable of temerarious deeds in order to impress their beloved, to make him or her smile. And during this period, most of us, people dream about writing a poem in honor to of the object of passion. Many of us even write the products of this inspiration down, but after reading them, we understand it’s no more than a bunch of words linked by that little understanding of rhyme most of us possess. Fortunately, Edward Estlin Cummings didn’t belong to that talentless majority. His poems dedicated to the beloved women brought joy and pleasure not only to their hearts and minds, but also to the souls of thousands of the worshippers of poetry. Quite a bunch of love poems went out from under his formidable pen, but the one, called ‘Somewhere i have never traveled, gladly beyond’ is one of the most well-known ones. Scientists argue for whether his once wife was the inspiration for this work of art, or it was some other women, but still this piece of poetry expresses the things most of the man would like to say to their beloved woman, but couldn’t find the words to do it. Some men are afraid to fall in love with a woman, as they feel as the object of their feelings will be able to take control of their life. They are afraid of that ‘power of †¦ intense fragility’ that every woman possesses over the man who loves her. Edward Estlin Cummings wasn’t scared to be possessed by those hands, which are smaller than the rain’s, it’s rather that he gave himself into the hands of his bellowed woman, getting all the possible positive experience from this condition. When I first read this poem a word for the woman, described in the poem came to my mind, which was â€Å"mistress†, a woman, whose power is in her fragility. This poem is written by a first person narrator, the author describes his own feelings towards the object of his passion. The author of the poem is marveled by the impact that woman makes on him. Thus, the tone of the poem is admiring and even a little worshipping. The person who decides to get acquainted with the Cummings’s poems should remember that this writer uses an extremely rich imagery system in his verses. Some of the researchers even claim that â€Å"the love poetry of E. E. Cummings is well known for specifically using flowers to describe a woman's sexuality or the innermost `self. †(Everything2 Website). And it’s true, that in the ‘Somewhere i have never traveled, gladly beyond’ he uses two main image systems which are human anatomy and nature. He compares his woman with flowers in order to emphasize her tenderness and beauty. One more characteristic feature of Cummings’s poetry which’s clearly expressed in the ‘Somewhere i have never traveled, gladly beyond’ is paraphrasing. The writer sometimes ignores the rules of the English language in order to express his feelings, to make the reader understand better the feelings and emotions that overfill him. The unconventional sound of his phrases make the reader return to them again and again in order to understand why the author had organized his writings in such a way, which gives the reader better chance to understand the message expressed by the author. As this poem is a lyric, and it’s written in an open form, some critiques say it is of no great value, but most poetry lovers value the artistic and imagery filling of the poem much higher than its conformity to the common poetry standards. In the first four lines of the poem the author explains he feels that the object of his feelings possesses the knowledge of something the writer never had any idea of, something really simple, but impossible to understand for him, ‘which (he) cannot touch because they are too near’. The next quatrain tells us this woman is capable of revealing the deepest feelings and thoughts the author has just by being near him. In the next eight lines the poet explains the nature of her power, which’s her ‘intense fragility’. In the closing quatrain Cummings tells that her beauty is one more source of her power. ‘your slightest look will easily unclose me though i have closed myself as fingers’ – the poet writes. In this lines the concept is expressed that has been proved by the experience of centuries. Through all the history of the humankind, which was created, as it’s officially thought by man, women had influenced all that crucial decisions that changed the lives of millions of people on the Earth. It often happened that the mistresses, wives or sultanas were those, who actually ruled the states because of the tremendous influence they had on their man. The older I become, the more I understand about the woman’s influence on their husbands, sons and brothers. My mother has never openly opposed any of my decisions, even if they were wrong and harmful in her opinion. She always agreed with my claims at first, but than, gradually, she made me think about the reasons why I wanted to do this or that thing, and about the consequences of my actions. Her ‘intense fragility’ was the way she used to make the man in her family act sensible and rightful. The men have always been the thrillseekers. The nature of this longing is nowadays explained by the biologists and genetics, but women knew that for thousands of years, maybe even on some subconscious level. For the man to be interested with the woman her eyes should ‘have their silence’ ‘somewhere (he) have never traveled’, ‘gladly beyond any experience’. And it’s quite understandable for me, as in my opinion the communication between the partners should enrich both of them, and it’s impossible when they knew each other thoroughly. It is said that all of those, who are deeply in love, are like the blind, they are sick with their happiness. The man, who loves is ready to get the star from the night sky for his darling, or to dedicate her wonderful poem. Those, who are really in love, are really happy, as they know for sure they’ll be together forever. Edward Estlin Cummings and his wife Anne Barton got divorced in a year after this poem was written. Their relationship didn’t survive the period needed for the ink this poem was first written with to fade. Still, today, dozens of years after the death of the poet, his wife and their relationship we open the book to read: ‘the voice of your eyes is deeper than all roses nobody, not even the rain, has such small hands’

Hollywood Science & Disaster Cinema Essay

To some extent, all fiction attempts to bend factual truths in the service of the narrative. In some cases, this is done for purposes of pure function, such as heightening the stakes of narrative or preventing the dramatic momentum from grinding to a complete halt. In other cases, it is done to express a particular authorial viewpoint – perhaps a political perspective or an observation about society – which is more often than not, contingent on the thematic integrity of the narrative. In the case of cinematic fiction, Hollywood has always had a special affinity for a liberal interpretation of the truth. In the 90s disaster classic, Armageddon, screenwriters Jonathan Hensleigh and J. J. Abrams presuppose that it is impossible to communicate drilling experience to well-trained astronauts in order to justify sending up an oil rig crew with no astronautical experience to save the world by dropping hydrogen bombs into a geologic mass the size of Texas – which is roughly analogous to trying to split an apple with a needle. The 2003 film, The Core operates from a complete non-premise in which an inactive magnetic field puts Earth at risk from incineration by space-based microwaves – which more accurately, pose no threat and are affected little by magnetic forces let alone the Earth’s magnetic field. One could say that Hollywood does not merely bend the truth. Rather, truth is made to stretch, contort and mold itself into incredulous shapes as if it were so much Play-Doh. The film The Day After Tomorrow, which had been marketed heavily as an ostensibly cautionary tale about the potential perils of climate change, is certainly no exception to this Hollywood tradition. Directed by German-born Roland Emmerich, the apocalypse porn auteur of such films as Independence Day and Godzilla decides to unleash his cathartic urges on a larger, planetary scale (with New York remaining his primary canvas of destruction). The Day After Tomorrow focuses on one paleoclimatologist – an eight-syllable term for ‘guy who studies prehistoric weather conditions’ – and his futile attempts to convince world leaders of the disastrous implications of climate change. While many of the scientific premises he puts forth are true, it is when they reach their tipping point and send the Earth into an Ice Age far sooner than he had predicted that the film enters the realm of fantasy. At the very least, The Day After Tomorrow does the honorable thing to scientists and tries not to make them look like idiots to viewers who know a thing or two about science. Jack Hall, the aforementioned paleoclimatologist played by Dennis Quaid, maintains a coherent view of science that is above par for most Hollywood scientists. He articulates the film’s core premise, which is that melting polar ice will have a negative effect on the Gulf Stream that will severely disrupt the natural thermal flows causing severe weather changes. However, he projects that this will happen over the course of decades or centuries. Therefore, the mechanics of climate change articulated by Hall are sound. (Duke University, 2004; McKibben, 2004) It is the rate at which climate change occurs within the film that is unrealistic, as well as the near-mystical forecasting abilities of Hall’s computer simulations. The notion that no one other than Hall can transplant present day meteorological data, as gathered by his colleague Terry Rapson, played by Ian Holm, and his co-workers at the Hedland Climate Center, into a paleoclimatological scenario is utterly discombobulating, as if to suggest they are the only experts who could foresee this. To screenwriters’ Jerry Rachmanoff and Roland Emmerich credit, they remain fully aware of the level to which they have exaggerated these matters. The climate tipping point sends the Global North into a series of weather disasters: Tornados wreak havoc on the Hollywood sign (as if to foreshadow the film’s ultimate rejection of a Hollywood ending solution), hurricanes sending automobiles flying all over Los Angeles, and sub-zero temperatures freezing airborne helicopters over Scotland. All the while, the hero-scientists, such as hurricane specialist Janet Tokada, point out plainly how nigh-impossible this accelerated pace of disaster is. It’s almost as if their secondary role was to remind viewers that these are all the exaggerations of fictional conceit. Unlike The Core, The Day After Tomorrow does not disrespect the professional integrity of the science professions by presenting a fabricated non-problem. Furthermore, The Day After Tomorrow does not propose that blue-collar derring do, when equipped with enough magical high technology can combine to form the â€Å"silver bullet† solutions which undo everything. However, by presenting the climate change problem on such incredulous terms, The Day After Tomorrow risks undermining the very message it is attempting to get across, despite the fact that it has the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration director telling a dismissive Vice President who vaguely resembles Dick Cheney, that if policy makers â€Å"had listened to the scientists, you would have had a different policy to begin with! † While popular culture may have a limited influence on policy making, it most definitely affects popular perceptions of key issues such as nuclear weaponry and bioterrorism. (Schollmeyer, 2005) The filmmakers of The Day After Tomorrow have often stated that one of their goals to draw increased attention and spur greater action towards addressing the threats of climate change. However, because many scientists on both sides of the climate change debate have taken issue with the scientific accuracy of the events depicted in the film, it risks muddying this goal further. This means that The Day After Tomorrow’s lack of scientific accuracy makes it easier for climate change skeptics to continue to dismiss the threat of climate change by suggesting that the film is built on the foundations of propagandist and alarmist science, while the climate change Cassandras will remains Cassandras as they become forced to debunk a film that represents their own concerns. REFERENCES McKibben, B. (2004, May 4) â€Å"The Big Picture. † Grist. Retrieved online on December 6, 2008 from: http://www. grist. org/comments/soapbox/2004/05/04/mckibben-climate/ Duke University (2004, May 13). â€Å"Disaster Flick Exaggerates Speed Of Ice Age. † ScienceDaily. Retrieved online on December 6, 2008, from: http://www. sciencedaily. com ¬ /releases/2004/05/040512044611. htm Schollmeyer, J. (2005, May-June) â€Å"Lights, camera, Armageddon. † Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, volume 61. Retrieved online on December 6, 2008 from: http://www. illinoiswaters. net/heartland/phpBB2/viewtopic. php? t=9007

My First Day in Mrsm Taiping Essay

My entire life change in a blink of an eye after I was accepted into MRSM. I was very happy and nervous. I never thought that I was accepted into MRSM Tiping because I’m apllying for MRSM Balik Pulau. I know nothing about this school. I knew that MRSM Taiping is a smart school after I step my legs here. I thought all MRSM are the same, the best. After the registration process settled, I went to check out my room. It was preety cool~ at that moment I started to feel full of grief as my parents would left me alone ? My dad and mom unpacked all my things. see more:paragraph on my first day at school Then, I secretly went to toilet and crying alone in the toilet without my parents knowledge~ Hahaha. That was so shameful when I thought about it again. I never told my parents about this. I cried a lot when I gave my parents goodbye. It took about half an hour for me to let my parents go. It was the hardest time for me as I’m very close to my family. I was being pampered by my dad and mom but that doesn’t mean I cannot managed myself. My dad said I have to leave my family because I want to success in my life. I would remember that words if I felt like I want to go back. After my parents leave, I went back to dorm and try to make friends. Then I have a conversation with Zai and we started being friend. I went to Dewan Selera for dinner. All the foods were nice. Eventhough it were not as good as my mom’s cooking, it’s still better than my former school food. It was seriously bad! Haha I think I was so cruel to say that words~ At first, I had a terrible homesick but all my friend can peace me up especially Zai and Afza. Thanks to them I still being here ? I think that’s all I can share with you guys. I hope I can perfome better here and prove to my friends that MRSM Taiping is the best.

Film Eassy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Film Eassy - Essay Example This paper will analyze the movie that is titled Saving Private Ryan and show how different aspects of ideology were manifested in it. It is quite understandable that the majority of movies that feature the setting of the World War II engage the issue of Anti-Semitism. The movie in question is quite interesting since it shows that this ideology of making the Jews a victim is deeply corrupted. On the one hand, the directors were able to show that within the American soldiers there might be some that adhere to such views; however, they are openly criticized. For example, there was a fight shown between soldiers on the shop that was departing to Europe which started because one made some ironic statements about â€Å"sons of Abraham†. Indeed, this movie supports the common idea that Anti-Semitism could not have happened in the American society (Dinnerstein 229). On the other hand, when the German troops are shown, they are portrayed as extremely Anti-Semitic. For example, in one episode, one of the soldier, who was a Jew, finds a special knife in the pockets of a German soldier and suddenly realized how many people of his nationality were killed with similar knifes. In addition to that, when the German prisoners are being relocated, he shows them they his start of David pendant and screams at their face: â€Å"Juden!† (which is German for Jew), pointing at himself, suggesting that they were captured by a race that was so despised by them. Indeed, Anti-Semitism of the Germans in the World War II has been one of the significant themes for numerous movies. That is why there is no wonder that Saving Private Ryan engages it as well. Another important concept that is fundamental to the plot of the entire movie is application of Sole Survivor Policy. The latter is a rather controversial and one of the most debatable policies which were implanted by the United States government in the

Critically appraising the superman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Critically appraising the superman - Essay Example A different kind of hero, however, is also frequently found in the comic books, graphic novels, and silver screens of the world-the "not-so-super hero." Some heroes, such as DC Comics' Batman, have no super powers at all. Rather, they combat injustice and fight on in the war against crime by more conventional means. Batman, for instance, is a well-trained fighter whose powers are derived from his unwillingness to give up, his uncommon, but not impossible, physical capabilities, and his commitment to righting the wrongs that cost him his own parents. Heroes such as Batman are just as alluring for the avid comic book reader, the graphic novel enthusiast, and the average dreamer because his success in crime fighting, his superheroism, in fact, is absolutely attainable. This hint of reality and touch of hope has put millions upon millions of children and adults squarely in Batman's corner as he persists against the injustices in Gotham City to protect the innocent. Two specific graphic novels, both released by DC Comics, present both the super and non-super version of comic book heroes for the enjoyment of fans everywhere. The first graphic novel, Moore and Gibbons' Watchmen (1995), is a collection of comic books about a world on the edge of nuclear warfare, where superheroes have ceased to enjoy the public support of the past. In fact, in this story, superheroes are distrusted and dismissed as untrustworthy, especially since it is difficult to keep them in check and watch for suspicious behavior among them. As such, the heroes in the book, who are notably without real superpowers-Dr. Manhattan is an exception to this rule-find themselves distrusted and practically underground since public sentiment removes them so far from their favor. This graphic novel masterfully exposes the human aspects of the superheroes, including their struggles with the same issues grappled with by the average human being. Public distrust of the heroes is magnified with graffiti written on the walls throughout the book posing the question "who watches the watchmen" (Hughes 546). It is important to point out that, in The Watchmen, thought bubbles were not used at all, leaving only an objective perspective for the reader and eliminating the thought bubble clarification style that is so common in comic books. While this is more widely used today, this piece was seminal in its use of such a technique. All the superheroes in this story experience real-world problems throughout the unfolding of the plot, and several are captured, even succumbing to psychiatric testing. As the doomsday clock continues to tick toward the end, the heroes' ability to tap into the ordinary in the realist piece of comic history sets the story apart from so many of the average superhero comics and graphic novels that are available for readers to devour. The other graphic novel for consideration, Wade and Ross' Kingdom Come (1997), involves a surprising similar set of themes as those found in Moore and Gibbons' work. Like The Watchmen, this graphic novel deals with a situation in which many people believe the Apocalypse is imminent. The story is full of a new type of superhero. These superheroes are younger, less moral, and more willing to do whatever is necessary to

Management Concepts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Management Concepts - Essay Example The employees trust and believe the visions of the leader and are very motivated. This organization is rapidly expanding organization, which is becoming increasingly popular among its customers. With an extensive marketing plan the organization can surely become the most popular place for rock climbing activities in Swansea. Dynamic rock is an organization established in the year 2004, with the aim of developing the indoor climbing center in the city of Swansea, United Kingdom. The company provides for the much-needed centre for the climbers from all over the country. This organization aims at providing the rock climbers with a friendly and accessible centre to pursue their passions. This organization is categorized under the Rock industries, with a small group of well-integrated staff members. (Dynamic rock, 2010) This dynamic organization has various opportunities and faces tough market competition. Under this paper we would try and analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the organization, we would provide a competitor analysis so as to understand the scope of the organization in the near future. Applying the theories of strategic planning and leadership styles we would analyze how the organization can strengthen its long-term position. The report would have been more effective if the method of primary research among the customers would have been adopted. The customers’ views on the products and services offered by the organization would have been very accurate and would have provided an effective marketing strategy for the organization. The paper aims at the strategic analysis of the organization Dynamic Rocks. SWOT analysis would be applied to for the detailed understanding of the structure of the organization. The theories of Porter’s five forces and Ansoff’s analysis would be applied for the analysis of the rock industry and the company’s position

Cultural differences and e-learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cultural differences and e-learning - Essay Example Therefore one must be cognizant of these cultural differences when designing an e-learning program. observe and use e-learning.  Introduction With the advent of the Internet, distance education is rapidly becoming an excellent way for students become educated. In the traditional sense, it allows for one to one interaction between the teacher and student but also has the facilities for rich collaborative learning through an on-line environment. E-learning has a number of advantages, as it helps students become competitive in a market increasingly dominated by global,multi-national companies that use on-line learning to teach concepts, as well as helps students become globally astute and enhances their social skills. However, there are a number of aspects of individuals about which designers of e-learning software, as well as instructors, should be aware. One of these is the culture of the learner. Culture is a way that individuals mediate their world, and it is has profound implicat ions for e-learning and learning in general. Some cultures are low context, which means that the written word is paramount, and the non-verbal part of communication is deemphasized. With high-context, this is just the opposite.

How has the development of Political Islam since 1979 affected the Essay

How has the development of Political Islam since 1979 affected the Greater Middle East - Essay Example Iran is one example where the Iranian revolution took place. Islamist forces have seemingly taken control of their countries at the expense of other religions that make up a minority (Choueiri, 2008). As political Islam has developed, Islamic institutions have gained more power and the scrutiny on these institutions has reduced leading to a dictatorship like scenario. Religious institutions like those of Sunni Islam have been brought under the control of the state. Due to this power gain by Islamic institutions, along with the lack of opposition by secular forces, there has been a development of Islamic forces. These forces have created a threat to the power of the state all over the greater Middle East (Choueiri, 2008). Conflict has been at the heart of the development of political Islam. The conflict has disturbed the stability of the greater Middle East. Examples of these conflicts include Iraq’s invasion of Iran in 1980 and the Iraq-Kuwait war. There has also been an increased opposition to the existence of Israel as a state along with an increase in development of weapons by the greater Middle East nations (Freedman,

Strategic managment report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Strategic managment report - Essay Example This paper will discuss the relevance of the organizational paradigms to the implementation of strategic management processes. Organizational Paradigms It is essential for the modern day organizations to take into account the understanding and interpretation of the concept of organizational paradigm. The word 'paradigm' pertains to the description of distinct thought patterns or concepts being applied. It refers to the exemplar or the pattern of any structure or object, which distinguishes the particular object from other objects. Through this term, it is understood that the term 'organizational paradigm' refers to the arrangement of the organizational structure and activities into such patterns that make it stand out from the other similar companies in the corporate world. All the paradigms of an organization are alive and possess their own weaknesses and strengths. Some of the traditional organization paradigms include circle, hierarchy, bureaucracy, and network paradigms (Hailin, 2009). All these paradigms involve various ways in which tasks are performed and people coordinate in the organizations. However, nowadays, these conventional paradigms have experienced a shift and are moving towards the integration of all these conventional paradigms in an organization. ... The conventional organizations focused on their internal functions, while after experiencing the paradigm shifts, the organizations are now more focused on the competitive environments around them. They now create potential markets for the future instead of concentrating merely on the current market competition. Organizational Paradigm and Strategic Management Process From the time period of 1960s and to date, the corporate environment has altered and been modified to a large extent. Various driving forces such as increasing innovation in telecommunications, enhancing employee diversity, boosted public consciousness and globalization have made the organizations more socially responsible. Thus, they have adopted a ‘new paradigm’ whereby they are more flexible, sensitive, and adaptable to the expectations and demands of stakeholders. Therefore, in order to integrate the new shifts into their business processes and activities, the organizations have blended the paradigm shi fts into their strategic management process (Hailin, 2009). The business organizations that are strategically managed tend to analyse the significant initiatives which are adopted by the top management and which involve the performance and resources in the external business environments. The entire process of strategic management entails formulating and implementing a mission, vision, objectives, the development of plans and policies, resource allocations and programs and projects in the organization. Unlike the conventional planning processes, the contemporary organizations now plan and develop their mission, vision and objectives keeping in view the application of information technology resources, analysis of the external and internal corporate

Philosophy of motion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Philosophy of motion - Essay Example As the discussion declares philosophÐ µrs hÐ °vÐ µ bÐ µÃ µn concÐ µrnÐ µd Ð °nd oftÐ µn worriÐ µd Ð °bout thÐ µ nÐ °turÐ µ of Ð µmotion sincÐ µ SocrÐ °tÐ µs Ð °nd thÐ µ "prÐ µSocrÐ °tics" who prÐ µcÐ µdÐ µd him, Ð °nd Ð °lthough thÐ µ disciplinÐ µ hÐ °s grown up Ð °s thÐ µ pursuit of rÐ µÃ °son, thÐ µ Ð µmotions hÐ °vÐ µ Ð °lwÐ °ys lurkÐ µd in thÐ µ bÐ °ckground, Ð °s Ð ° thrÐ µÃ °t to rÐ µÃ °son, Ð °s Ð ° dÐ °ngÐ µr to philosophy Ð °nd philosophÐ µrs, Ð °s just plÐ °in unrÐ µÃ °sonÐ °blÐ µ. PÐ µrhÐ °ps thÐ °t is why onÐ µ of thÐ µ most Ð µnduring mÐ µtÐ °phors of rÐ µÃ °son Ð °nd Ð µmotion hÐ °s bÐ µÃ µn thÐ µ mÐ µtÐ °phor of mÐ °stÐ µr Ð °nd slÐ °vÐ µ, with thÐ µ wisdom of rÐ µÃ °son firmly in control Ð °nd thÐ µ dÐ °ngÐ µrous impulsÐ µs of Ð µmotion sÐ °fÐ µly supprÐ µssÐ µd, chÐ °nnÐ µllÐ µd or, idÐ µÃ °lly, in hÐ °rmony with rÐ µÃ °son. But nowhÐ µrÐ µ hÐ °vÐ µ thÐ µ unr uly Ð °nd thrÐ µÃ °tÐ µning powÐ µr of thÐ µ Ð µmotions bÐ µÃ µn morÐ µ Ð °t odds with whÐ °t hÐ °s oftÐ µn bÐ µÃ µn cÐ °llÐ µd "rÐ µÃ °son" thÐ °n in thÐ µ rÐ µÃ °lm of justicÐ µ, whÐ µrÐ µ both compÐ °ssion Ð °nd its vicious "nÐ µgÐ °tivÐ µ" countÐ µrpÐ °rt, vÐ µngÐ µfulnÐ µss, hÐ °vÐ µ bÐ µÃ µn condÐ µmnÐ µd Ð °s disruptivÐ µ, irrÐ µlÐ µvÐ °nt Ð °nd, Ð °t worst, downright dÐ °ngÐ µrous. According to the report findings thÐ µ Ð °rgumÐ µnts tÐ µnd to focus on thÐ µ Ð °llÐ µgÐ µd "cÐ °priciousnÐ µss" Ð °nd "prÐ µjudicÐ µ" of Ð µmotions, Ð °lthough, Ð °ltÐ µrnÐ °tivÐ µly, thÐ µy Ð °rÐ µ Ð °ttÐ °ckÐ µd for thÐ µir "intrÐ °ctibility" Ð °nd thÐ µir stupidity. ConsÐ µrvÐ °tivÐ µs lovÐ µ nothing morÐ µ thÐ °n to lÐ °mbÐ °st thÐ µ "do-goodÐ µrs" Ð °nd "blÐ µÃ µding hÐ µÃ °rts," nÐ °mÐ µly thosÐ µ who Ð µxprÐ µss thÐ µir fÐ µÃ µlings rÐ °thÐ µr thÐ °n stick by somÐ µ Ð °bstrÐ °ct Ð °nd oftÐ µn ruthlÐ µss, but in Ð °ny cÐ °sÐ µ "hÐ °rd-hÐ µÃ °dÐ µd" thÐ µory. ThÐ µrÐ µ is thÐ µ Ð °gÐ µ-old insistÐ µncÐ µ on "thÐ µ rulÐ µ of lÐ °w," shÐ °rÐ µd by both libÐ µrÐ °ls Ð °nd consÐ µrvÐ °tivÐ µs, which insists on "not rÐ µturning Ð µvil for Ð µvil," Ð °nd, Ð °ccordingly, thÐ µ forÐ µswÐ µÃ °ring Ð °nd condÐ µmnÐ °tion of rÐ µvÐ µngÐ µ.

The art is lovers in a cafa the photographer is Brassai Research Paper

The art is lovers in a cafa the photographer is Brassai - Research Paper Example Usually, the photographers tend to focus on photographic realism that portrays harsh realities. This picture creates a connection between photographer and the subjects. This technique makes the picture more sophisticated. Brassaà ¯ considered Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec as his influence (Janson and Janson, 2004). The interesting thing about this picture is that, even though, the man has his back to the camera the photographer has been able to capture his eyes. The mirror reflection gives the picture more meaning. The way he is looking at his lover is full of love and romance. The woman is smiling, and both of them seem to be in love with each other. Kissing or fondling is a very natural act, but the photographer has highlighted it and captured it in a timeless medium. The picture is black and white, and there is hardly any posing. Both the subjects appear to be in the moment. Brassaà ¯ used capture the beauty of streets, frogs and rain in the garden at night (Sayag, 2000). He was fascinated by the nightlife. This time is also associated with romance and lovemaking. Cafà ©s are also usually filled with people and couples at this time. His photographs are in black and white color that resonates with the nighttime. The picture under discussion is black and white in color, which makes the pictures traditional. The lovers are seated inside a booth and about to embrace each other. The man is leaning in for the kiss; he is holding his prize with both his arms. The woman brushes her hair to reveal her face to make it accessible for her man. Her chin is lifted up, and her eyes are locked in with the mans eyes as she welcomes every move of him. The audience in this photograph is the teacups and the table. The subjects are completely ignoring what is going on around them. They are immersed in the magic of love. The onlooker can witness this magic moment from three angles. They can get a glimpse of what is in the reality. But a more

Heraldic Code of the Philippines Essay Example for Free

Heraldic Code of the Philippines Essay â€Å"Don’t walk in front of me, I may not follow; don’t walk behind me, I may not lead; Just walk beside me, and be my friend†. I have one such good friend who walks beside me and who extends his hand, when I am about to slip and fall. He is my greatest asset in life, which I treasure more than anything else in this world. He is my best friend. My best friend is Tom Sangma. We come from the same neighbourhood. Our houses are situated close to each others. Both Tom and I are of same age and belong to more or less same economic background. In fact, what has cemented our friendship deep is that our families have been close to each other for a long time. My father and his father were classmates. My mother’s best friend is Tom’s mother. Another reason, which probably helped us to become good friends, is that we have grown together. We have spent our childhood days playing, fighting, learning, and enjoying together. My memory of sweet bygone days of the past is a nostalgic memory of happy days spent together in Tom’s company. Today Tom and I study in Class X in a reputed school in the town. We generally go to school together and have been lucky enough to be studying in the same class for the past ten years and more. Tom has many excellent qualities of heart and mind. His simplicity, smartness, neatness, intelligence, straightforwardness, cool temperament, pleasant behaviour, gentle ways, dutifulness, etc. have made him one of the most liked and popular students in the school. Tom’s sweet temperament is his greatest quality. He never hurts others or speaks ill of others. He has a charming personality. For several years consecutively, he has been given the ‘Best Student’ award in the school. Despite my best efforts I have never managed to reach his level. Yet I never feel jealous of him. Because he helps me more than anybody. He tries to do all he can to make me come up to his level. He never goes to any function or party or film without me. I do the same for him. Whenever I am sick, he is the first to come and see me. There is no function in my home without his presence. The same is true in his house as well. All these have combined to make our friendship deep and lasting. The best trait that I admire and like most in my friend is his disciplined life. He would not do anything that goes against accepted norms or decency. He gets up on time, does his homework always, attends school regularly, respects his teachers and elders and never indulges in unhealthy ways such as, smoking, taking alcohol, idling away time, skipping classes etc. His principle of ‘duty first- enjoyment second’ is something that I find difficult to follow, yet try to imitate. He corrects me whenever I commit any mistake. For me he is a source of inspiration, support and also a role model to imitate. I am ever grateful to the almighty for having given me such a good friend. I cherish it as my greatest treasure. I am sure our friendship will grow deeper and deeper in the years to come. I wish everyone had such friends in life. One cannot describe the thrill and the joy of journeying together in life, sharing its ups and downs, rainbows and thunders and Good Fridays and Easters. It has to be experienced.

The Pump Condition Monitoring Engineering Essay

The Pump Condition Monitoring Engineering Essay To avoid unplanned downtime, realize energy savings or other considerations, pump users require a method or tool to determine the appropriate time for overhaul of a pump. This method or tool is used by engineers in managing assets to provide capacity for production and energy efficiency to save operating expenses or even to minimize greenhouse impact.   This optimization method can be applied to all items where deterioration results in equipment breakdowns or loss of efficiency. Pumps like any rotating machine tend to rotate in response to excitation forces like residual rotor unbalance, turbulence in liquid flow, pressure pulses, cavitations and wear of pump. If vibration frequencies and natural frequencies match, resonance occurs, amplifying the vibrations. This is a sufficient cause to damage pump components Why Pump Condition Monitoring is important: (Source http://www.pumpmonitor.com) Pumps are used at about 20% of the worlds most electrical power generating companies. about 7% of the worlds green houses gas productions. power and preservation usually covers more than 50% of Life sequence expenses. Statistics show that 20% or more of the energy devoted by pumping systems could be saved throughout equipment and control alters. Pumps are frequently considered critical mechanism of a process. Plant reliability is best possible when they are maintained on a regular basis or nonstop state monitoring. Performance based maintenance costs are considerably lesser than a schedule based costs. Hence it becomes very important to Condition Monitor the pumps. Chapter -2: Aim Objectives The object of this research study is to critically study Condition Monitoring of both, Centrifugal and axial pumps. That will include most important aspects like: Condition Monitoring and its Part in Maintenance Pump Performance and the Effect of Wear Performance Analysis and Testing of Pumps for Condition Monitoring Performance Analysis and its Application to Optimise Time for Overhaul Other Methods of Performance Analysis for Pump Condition Monitoring Vibration Analysis of Pumps Other Uses of Condition Monitoring Other Condition Monitoring Methods Positive Displacement Pumps Case Studies Chapter -3: Project plan Attached with this report Chapter -4: Introduction About Pumps Pumps are used to add energy to fluids. Generally it is done by using a rotating blade to force a fluid in a given direction. Classification of pumps: PUMPS Centrifugal Pumps Positive Displacement Pumps Radial Flow Pumps Axial Flow Pumps Reciprocating Pumps Rotary Pumps Gear Pumps Piston Pumps Progressive Cavity Pumps Plunger Pumps Screw Pumps Diaphragm Pumps Lobe Pumps [Figure-1: Different types of Pumps] a) Positive Displacement pumps: A positive displacement pump, as the name suggests, pushes a fluid by containing a fixed amount of it and then displacing the entire contained volume into the pipe. Positive displacement pumps produce a constant flow at any given speed and hence are called Constant Flow Machines. These are used for pumping fluids other than water. Following types of mechanism are used to displace the fluid: a1) Reciprocating Type: Reciprocating pumps are plunger pumps or diaphragm pumps. Diaphragm  valves. Recently used for slurries treatment in plants, and are used to force dangerous, toxic materials. a2) Rotary Type: These pumps use rotation principle. These are mostly used in, oil burners, soaps, cosmetics, sugars, syrup, and molasses, as well in dyes, ink, bleaches, vegetable and mineral oils. Gear pump: Two gears rotates in a closely fitted casing. A common application of the gear pump is the engine oil pump in car engines. 3655-004-DFDC07E0 [Figure-2: Gear Pump] Progressing cavity type pump: These are applied for pumping sewage sludge contaminated with large particles. Helical shaped rotor is used. [Figure-3: Progressive Cavity Pump], (Image Source: http://www.highflowpumps.com/) Lobe Pumps: Fluid is passed between the rotors teeth and the volute chamber. lobethe [Figure-4: Lobe Pump] Screw Pumps: Screw pump transmits fluid into the spaces between the screw gears. screw23muthÄ ±s [Figure-5: Screw Pump] b) Centrifugal pump: They are widely used in general piping systems. These are used for pumping water in industry and constitute 75% of pumps installed b1) Radial Flow Pump In a Radial Flow pump, fluid is discharged in a direction perpendicular to the direction of intake or suction. The fluid flowing into the pump first makes contact with a spinning impeller. This deflects the fluid away from it. The fluid is pushed out through a circular casing around the impeller. In this case fluid pressure increased not the speed. Fluid is sucked into the pump along the axis of rotation of the impeller. It is accelerated in a perpendicular direction into a diffuser chamber. From here it is discharged into the outlet pipe. Centrifugal pumps are applied where there is small head and large discharge is required. These have high hydraulic efficiency. These are used in waste treatment plants. Screw type centrifugal pumps are very effective in sludge handling , comprising of fibrous elements and for handling sludge with up to 10% dry matter . centrifugalpumps11 [Figure-6: Centrifugal Pump] (Image source : http://www.thomasnet.com/articles/image/centrifugal-pump.jpg) b2) Axial flow pumps: In an axial pump, the discharge and suction are both in the same direction. Flow is along the axis of the blade. Axial pumps are used to increase of speed of fluid flow without increase of pressure. They have high flow rates and can operate at very low pressure. QZ-Axial-Flow-Pump [Figure-7:Axial Flow Pump] http://www.made-in-china.com/image/2f0j00vBjTwGKSSIbeM/QZ-Axial-Flow-Pump.jpg Chapter -5: Maintenance and Condition Monitoring: About Maintenance: The intention of performing maintenance is to provide optimum capacity of production at the lower cost. Maintenance should be preferred for reliability and not as repair. There are 4 Types of Maintenance, which are given below: (a) Preventive Maintenance: This type of maintenance prevents failure from occurring. It comprises of scheduled periodic maintenance checks. Such maintenance prevents breakdowns and ensures delay free functioning. The advantages of preventive maintenance include: Enhanced systems dependability. reduces cost of substitute. cuts system downtime. Better standby account management. (b) Corrective Maintenance: Maintenance performed to correct an error after a failure has occurred is corrective maintenance. The failed component may require restoration , repair or replacement. (c) Breakdown Maintenance: If a machine breaks down or malfunctions , breakdown maintenance is performed to return it to normal functioning. This is done by replacing or repairing parts. (d) Predictive Maintenance: This type of maintenance consists of methods of observing the condition of in service machines and thus predicting when maintenance is required to be performed. This method reduces costs as compared to preventive maintenance as tasks are only performed when necessary. Condition monitoring is a type of predictive maintenance. It involves prediction of condition of a machine by on monitoring its performance, statistical process control or equipment behaviour to detect defects at an early stage and rectify them, which could otherwise result in delays leading to unnecessary expenditure. Maintenance is performed while the machine/ equipment is in operating regularly , with little or no interruption in its functioning. The methods for detection of errors include infrared thermographs, circuit analysis, analysis of vibrations etc. Predictive Maintenance or Condition monitoring a smart way to reduce downtime and reduce cost. The fundamental purpose of maintenance is to contribute for profit objectives, by maximizing the production and safety of people and plant. This report will explore how maintenance should be used as a tool to keep pumps working to its optimum level. Condition based maintenance: Definition of Condition Monitoring: Condition monitoring is part of maintenance, not something done by experts from outside (Beebe, 2001) Signs of degradation are detected in operational equipment by monitoring the equipment through continuous inspection. Data collected is analysed , and a prediction is made for the duration in which a machine can run safely without failure. Condition Monitoring is the art of monitoring of the equipments health by taking simple measurements of the machine performance. It works the same as a Doctor checks (measure) the health by checking pulse, temperature, blood pressure etc of a person. If we measure the current draw and the outlet flow of a pump and find out that that the current draw was increasing while the outlet flow was decreasing, as compared to the previous months measurements, there are very good chances that the condition is deteriorating and that some maintenance was due for the pump, The scheduling of the monitoring is decided by the size of plan, ease of data collection etc. This may be done everyday, once a month or on an annual basis. Advanced technology may be used for condition monitoring. It may not be limited to Vibration sensors Infrared Thermographs Oil sensors Ultrasonic equipment Motor Current Analysis Pump life cycle costs Pump life cycle cost is defined as the sum of the commissioning cost, maintenance cost, running cost and decommissioning cost for the period of a pumps service life. Complete understanding of the pumps lifecycle cost helps us to radically reduce the energy consumed , thus greatly reducing the pumps environmental impact PLCC = Cin + Cins + Cpo + Cop + Cm + Cd + Cen + Cdc PLCC = life cycle cost Cin = initial costs, purchase price (pump, system, pipe, other services) Cins = installation and commissioning cost (including training) Cpo = power consumed costs Cop = operation costs Cm = maintenance and repair costs (routine and predicted repairs) Cd = delay costs (loss of production). Cen = environmental costs (contamination from pumped liquid ) Cdc = decommissioning (counting renovation of the home Environment) Maintenance Cost of a Pump in its Life Cycle: [Figure-8: Maintenance Cost] (Image Source: http://www.waterworld.com) The costs for maintenance are dependent on the actual equipment involved , records can be consulted to make cost estimates. The annual cost has to include the following: Value of spare parts used. Charge for any third party work. plant employment. workplace charges. Normally Maintenance cost of a Pump within its life cycle is estimated 20%. Pump selection reliability factors Reliability of machines, has been increasingly debated in recent years . Low reliability of commonly used centrifugal pumps has been a focal point of this debate. Pump selection is very important its reliability. But it is not the only factor for reliable pump operation. Other critical installation parameters are also important. The main factor for enhanced reliability is selecting the right pump. Pump Selection The first step in pump selection is deciding the pump parameters. The head and capacity required have to be calculated. There are three major conditions related to reliability which affect selection; operating speed (FR), impeller diameter (FD) and flow rate (FQ). Operating Speed RPM (FR) Wear based on operating speed caused due to friction in rubbing contact surfaces like mechanical seals and shaft seals affects the reliability. Life of bearings and heat generated in bearings is another cause for lack of reliability. For all the above mentioned conditions wear has a linear relationship with the operating speed of the pump. Impeller Diameter (FD) The impeller exerts a significant load on the shaft and bearings . This directly affects the reliability of the pump. Two types of loads are produced; one is due to the non uniform pressure distribution in the casing, the second is due to the interaction between the blades of the impeller and the discharge. This second effect is extremely hazardous as it forces the seal faces to move away from each other repeatedly during each revolution. The intensity of this movement may be greater than steady deflection. There is a cubic proportionality between these loads and the impeller diameter. Flow Rate (FQ) The flow rate of a centrifugal pump is the best efficiency point or BEP. Pumps are designed in such a way that they are most reliable only at a given flow rate for a specific operating speed and impeller diameter. The loads exerted on impeller at this flow rate are minimised. If the flow rate is more or less than the BEP than the load intensity increases and there is turbulence in the rotation of the impeller. Such unpredictable loads share the same effects on reliability as the impeller/discharge loads discussed above. Pumps are examined to check the ability to withstand the effects of these impacts. The main parameters of the tests are: R.P.M. Impeller dimensions. Flow velocity. Pump shaft to motor alignment. N.P.S.H. Margin. Reliability Index (RI) The Reliability directory is shaped as a product of three factors: RI = FR x FD x FQ Values vary from zero to one; the higher the value the better the dependability is. Techniques of Condition Monitoring Vibration Monitoring Analysis: is commonly used as a Monitoring analysis. It helps to determine the structural stability in a system. It is best suitable for rotating machines like pumps. Vibration measuring instruments are used for measurement. The frequency of the vibrations are mapped. If a defect is present a particular frequency will be detected. Analysis made previously on existing equipment can be compared to analysis on new equipment. This data will give the condition of the equipment. vibration [Figure-9:Vibration Chart] (Source: http://www.pemms.co.uk/Condition_Monitoring.html) Visual Inspection: Devices like mirrors, TV Camers are used for Visual inspection. Visual inspection in its most basic form may also be done by experienced inspectors and maintenance technicians. Causes of failure like cracks, leaks and corrosion can be detected and prevented. This is the cheapest form of condition monitoring. It also adds a sense of attachment between the equipment and the people who work on it. Only visual inspection technique is not enough. It should be augmented by other techniques. Performance Monitoring and Analysis: Analysis is done on usage of energy, as more energy usage means deteriorating condition of the machine. Performace can bne measured with parameters like Pressure, flow rate or temperature etc. Analysis of wear particles in lubricants or contamination of process fluid: This process gives advance warning than many other predictive maintenance methods. oilanalysis [Figure-10: Contamination of Process Fluid] (Source: http://www.pemms.co.uk/Condition_Monitoring.html) Spectrographic oil analysis may be used to test the chemical composition of the oil. Chemical analysis of oil is carried out for appearance, density, viscosity, moisture content, mechanical impurities. High silicon content points to a presence of contamination of grit.. etc, and high iron levels indicate to tiring components. Independently, elements give reasonable indications, but when used together they can accurately determine the failure modes, e.g. for internal combustion engines, the presence of iron/alloy, and carbon would indicate damaged piston rings. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condition_monitoring) Ferrous and non ferrous particles in the lubricant may be detected by wear debris detection sensors which can give a warning if the condition of the equipment deteriorates. This system prevents failure in machines like gearboxes , turbines, pumps etc. Ultrasonic Analysis: Time and frequency data from ultrasonic tests can reveal a lot on the health of a machine. Portable ultrasonic testing equipment is now a common tool for noticing leaks, testing steam traps, finding cavitations, bearing condition testing and toughness testing. What are Ultrasound Signals? Ultrasound refers to noise of frequency beyond the range of the human ear. For detecting airborne leaks, the frequency at which the most sound is produced by an unstable leak is 38.4 kHz. There are instruments, which listens to this frequency to detect leaks. Electronics processing is required to make ultrasound audible. This is done filtering of frequencies. Why Record Ultrasound Signals? Judgment, Trending, verification of analysis. Guidance of Maintenance observers. Examination of low speed bearings. Investigation of electrical defects. Inspecting of steam traps. Analysis of reciprocating compressors. How to Record Ultrasound Signals? Regulates rise of detector. Corrects level of recording device. Spins Auto Gain Control . Records the signal and transfer to PC. Opens signals in computer for laboratory analysis. The classic time signal for a bearing defect gives a goldfish envelope like this:. (Thomas J. Murphy) ultrasound_analysis_07 [Figure-11:Ultra sound signals] Infrared Thermography Temperature is the best indicator of the state of a machine. One can check the temperature of any surface and determine the condition of a machine.. Infrared Thermography is an inspection technique which gives accurate, reliable and correct temperature outline of any material exterior without getting in touch with the surface. The essential perceptive of thermography is that every object produces certain amount of Infrared energy and the intensity of this radiation is a task of temperature, hence by measuring infrared radiation, temperature of surface can be calculated. (Garnaik) Infrared thermography is a fast and secure way of detecting imperfections in different conditions. Infrared cameras can be used to detect increases in temperature that indicate latent problems. These may increase the temperature of electrical contacts or insulators. IR thermography can easily be carried out during normal operation of equipment as it is non contact. This reduces downtime. Advantages Disadvantages of IR Thermography Following are advantages and disadvantages of this technique. Advantages : à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ It is a non-contact type technique, and modern Infrared camera can be used . à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ It is Fast, reliable accurate output. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Time required to measure large surface area is very less. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The output can be presented in visual digital form. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Since the output can be presented in visual form, there is little skill required for monitoring. Disadvantages : à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Instrument cost is very high. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ This technique is used to work out the temperature of surface. It is unable to detect the inside temperature Noise monitoring Noise level are taken every month at designated locations. Steps for implementation of Condition Monitoring Technique for Pumps Selection of equipment Selection of parameters / probe Selection of monitoring frequency Preparation of schedule Preparation of database. Actual monitoring and analysis Selection of monitoring frequency Daily (for critical equipments) Fortnightly (for sub critical equipments).) [Figure-12: Condition Monitoring Steps] Benefits of Condition monitoring Condition monitoring has become a proven method and has become essential part of industries as companies has proven its cost benefits. Condition monitoring gives early detection of wear out/damage. Condition Monitoring people tour the plant and picks up developing faults Deterioration is detected in time and repairs are scheduled. It minimises unnecessary shutdown and opening up of plant Cost of labour, material and loss of production is saved More satisfying work of maintenance, less effect of errors because of direct feedback of quality work. Judicious use of Condition monitoring can yield 10 to 20 times the initial outlay within first year (IK Dept trade Industry report, maintenance to late 1990s) Condition monitoring reassurance of safe continued operation(and vary effective when nursing on plant to a suitable maintenance opportunity) Condition Monitoring saves cost reduce spare usage and lower insurance. Cost Savings from Condition Monitoring A Quick cost saving estimate is made to calculate the cost saving easily. Quick cost saving estimate at each inspection saves delays. For example, a coupling is found broken and approximate to cause about 2 hours of delay leads to an unplanned maintenance job. The calculation: Cost A: If the coupling broke down without warning: Delay * Cost of Delay/hr + Direct maintenance cost (unplanned Unscheduled) + Potential damages Cost B: Maintenance during scheduled shutdown. Actual cost of maintenance: Delay (if any should be fixed in scheduled shutdown) * Cost of Delay/hr + direct maintenance cost (planned scheduled) + Damages(= 0) . A- B = Cost saving, which may be as high as thousands of Dollars Following is a Case study of Qatar Petroleum, which shows a huge saving of costs because of Condition Monitoring: Case Study: 141. K0302 FLUE GAS FAN Current Drawn before balancing the Fan: 83 Ampere Current drawn post balancing the fan : 76 Ampere Net Current reduction: 7 Amps (Hourly Average) Power Saving = à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡3 x V x I x Cos  ¢ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡3 x 11 x 7 x 0.85 KWh Annual Cost Savings = 113.3X0.081X24X365 (Power Cost = 0.081QR/Kwh) = 80393 QR/Year Last Six Months Predicted Failures at Qatar Petroleum Standards used for condition monitoring (Source: http://www.iso.org) ISO 13381-1:2004 provides guidance. The basic purpose is to: Let the clients, manufacturers of condition monitoring and diagnostics systems to share general thoughts in the fields of machinery error analysis. Allow users to determine the essential information, characteristics and behaviour necessary for accurate estimate. Outlines an appropriate approach to predict development. Introduces predictions concepts in order to ease the development of future systems and training. ISO 18436-6:2008: Condition monitoring and diagnostics of machines Prognostics Part 1: General guidelines ISO 18436-6:2008 states the needs for qualification and evaluation of personnel who perform machinery condition monitoring and diagnostics using acoustic production. A certificate or declaration of conformity to ISO 18436-6:2008 will provide credit of the qualifications and ability of individuals to perform acoustic production measurements and analysis machinery condition monitoring using acoustic emission equipment. This procedure may not apply to particular equipment or other explicit situations. ISO 18436-6:2008 specifies a three class classification programme. ISO 18434-1:2008 provides an introduction to the application of infrared thermography (IRT) to machinery condition monitoring and diagnostics, where machinery includes machine auxiliaries such as valves, fluid and electrically powered machines, and machinery-related heat exchanger equipment. In addition, IR applications pertaining to machinery performance assessment are addressed. ISO 18434-1:2008: introduces the terminology of IRT as it pertains to state checking and diagnostics of machines; explains the types of IRT procedures and their qualities; provides leadership on establishing cruelty appraisal criteria for anomalies identified by IRT; outlines methods and requirements for carrying out IRT of machines, including safety suggestions; provides information on data understanding, and appraisal criteria and reporting requests; provides measures for determining and compensating for reflected obvious temperature, emissivity, and attenuating media. ISO 18434-1:2008 also includes testing procedures for determining and recompense a reflected obvious temperature, emissivity, and attenuating media when measuring the exterior temperature of an aim with a quantitative IRT camera. ISO 18436-3:2008: Condition monitoring and diagnostics of machines Requirements for qualification and assessment of personnel Part 3: Requirements for training bodies and the training process ISO 18436-3:2008 defines the requirements for operating training programmes for personnel who carry out machinery condition monitoring, recognize machine faults, and propose corrective action. Procedures for training of condition monitoring and diagnostic personnel are specified. ISO 18436-7:2008  : Condition monitoring and diagnostics of machines Requirements for qualification and assessment of personnel Part 7: Thermography ISO 18436-7:2008 specifies the requirements for qualification and assessment of personnel who perform machinery condition monitoring and diagnostics using infrared thermography. An official document or declaration of conventionality to ISO 18436-7:2008 will provide recognition of the qualifications and competence of individuals to do thermal measurements and investigate machinery condition monitoring using moveable thermal imaging equipment. This procedure may not apply to particular equipment or other precise situations. ISO 18436-7:2008 specifies a three category classification programme. ISO 13373-1:2002  : Condition monitoring and diagnostics of machines Vibration condition monitoring Part 1: General procedures ISO 13373-2:2005  : Condition monitoring and diagnostics of machines Vibration condition monitoring Part 2: Processing, analysis and presentation of vibration data ISO 13373-2:2005 recommends actions for dealing out and presenting vibration data and analysing vibration signatures for the reason of monitoring the vibration state of rotating machinery, and performing diagnostics as suitable. Different methods are described for different applications. Signal improvement techniques and analysis methods used for the investigation of exacting machine dynamic phenomena are included. Many of these techniques can be applied to other machine types, as well as reciprocating machines. Example formats for the parameters that are commonly plotted for valuation and diagnostic purposes are as well given. ISO 13373-2:2005 is divided basically into two essential approaches when analysing vibration signals; the time domain and the frequency domain. Some approaches to the modification of diagnostic results, by changing the operational circumstances, are also covered. Pump Performance and the Effect of Wear Pumps wear as they are used but their efficiency can be maintained by Condition monitoring and accordingly refurbishment: [Figure-13: Effect of wear on pump characteristics] Source: http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/solarec/index.htm (European commission Joint Research Center) [Figure-14: Average wear trends for maintained and unmaintained pumps] Source: http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/solarec/index.htm (European commission Joint Research Center) Effect of internal wear on pump performance The effect of Internal wear on pump is dependent on type of Pump . Slurry pumps are Designed to cope with erosive liquids. Total operating cost can be reduced by improving wear life. Wear is increased by High Velocity, large solid size and high concentration. Chapter -6: Performance Analysis and Testing of Pumps for Condition Monitoring The aims of testing a systems pump performance are to: Record system pumps performance. Verifying the impeller size at present installed in the pump. Launch the system curve for the pumping system. Establish the operating point of the pump; i.e. the point where the pumps impeller curve intersects the system curve with the discharge valve throttled and with the discharge valve fully open. Measures the match between full flow flow delivered by the pump with the discharge valve fully open and the real plan flow requirement. Considers the implications of throttled discharge valves and opportunities to open discharge valves and adjust pump performance by means of trimming the impeller, changing the motor to get an incremental motor/pump speed change or installing a VFD to change the motor/pump speed to a non-incremental value. The objective of all of these modification techniques is to provide design flow without the head forced by the throttled valve. As a consequence, the system will advantage from reduced pump energy use and operating costs. Considers the flow variations produced in the system as different active elements are repositioned by their control processes. becomes aware of and make a diagnosis of other control or performance problems. Performance analysis needs performing data Temperature Pressure Flow Speed Power Efficiency Calculation [Figure-15: Pumps in System and relationship to Condition Monitoring] Chapter -7: Performance Analysis and its Application to Optimize Time for Overhaul The head test at Duty Point Like it is known that condition monitoring is used as a tool for Predicting maintenance requirements of pumps. The Head Flow examination is the essential way can be used to inspect assumed poor performance. (http://www.engineeringnet.be) Head flow measurement is a useful type of condition monitoring because it checks pump deterioration and also shows flaws in system resistance.. (Heinz P. Bloch) It is easier to determine the head. alter in volume according to the time can be easily measured if an appropriate vessel i

Technology - Privacy Issues with Web-Based Medical Information Essay

Privacy Issues with Web-Based Medical Information Abstract: With growing concerns about the privacy of personal medical information, the president has taken action and passed regulations attempting to protect this privacy. It should work well in traditional health care situations, but it questions still remain about how applicable it will be to health care on the web. A hacker downloads thousands of medical records from the University of Washington Medical School [1]. Eli Lilly and Co. accidentally discloses the email addresses of 6000 patients who are taking Prozac [2]. With these incidents fresh in the minds of many people, the privacy of medical information has been a hot topic. It has joined other issues such as the confidentiality of financial records in the forefront of the American public’s consciousness. In April, 2001, President Bush made an unexpected move and gave the OK to Clinton-era rules that protect medical privacy. Much to the chagrin of the health care industry, Bush reversed his repealing of the Health Insurance Portability Accountability Act (HIPAA), which requires doctors to get written consent from patients to share their medical information and allows patients to view their records and to amend them if necessary [3]. Commenting on the regulations, the President commented, â€Å"for the first time, patients will have full access to their medical records and more control over how their personal information will be used and disclosed.† [3] These regulations apply well to the physical world of health care, but when taken in the context of Web-based care, they become ambiguous, and even misleading, and fail to comprehensively protect privacy. President Bush’s move to implement the rules was a sur... ... 1. The Denver Post. November 20, 2001 Tuesday. First Edition. Pg C-01. â€Å"Web Health-Privacy Rules Help Few, Report Claims.† By Jennifer Beauprez 2. Exposed Online: Why the new federal health privacy regulation doesn’t offer much protection to internet users.† A Pew Internet Project report. Monday, November 19, 2001. 3. The Boston Globe. April 13, 2001 Friday. Third Edition. Pg. A-3. â€Å"U.S. Bolsters the Power of Patients to Guard Privacy of Personal Data.† By Anthony Shadid. 4. The Washington Post. February 10, 2001, Saturday. Final Edition. Pg A-10. â€Å"EEOC Sues to Halt Worker Gene Tests.† By Sarah Schafer. 5. www.healthprivacy.org/usr_doc/final%20Ooverview%20chart%2pdf. www.healthprivacy.org is the online manifestation of the Health Privacy Project, a program run by the Institute for Health Care Research and Policy at Georgetown University.

Bums :: essays research papers

Bums are cool dfsjhfajks hthalksjhaf jkshf sldjfhajeklrh tja hsjdfhajrhl jhsdfjashjhwreuisdhjcsbdr awejfhsadhr wsfhfajrej fsudyfjweb hcvszlhjwerhf jsnf Viewing an erupting volcano is a memorable experience; one that has inspired fear, superstition, worship, curiosity, and fascination throughout the history of mankind. The active Hawaiian volcanoes have received special attention worldwide because of their frequent spectacular eruptions, which can be viewed and studied with a relative ease and safety. The island of Hawaii is composed of five volcanoes, three of which have been active within the past two hundred years. Kilauea’s latest eruption still continues as of today. Mauna Loa’s latest activity was in 1984 and Hualalai’s in 1800-1801, but is likely to erupt again within the next one hundred years. East Maui, or Haleakala, one of the oldest volcanoes, has a long eruptive history and recent activity indicates that the volcano will erupt in the near future. Las t but not least, the Loihi Seamount, sometimes known as the â€Å"youngest volcano† is an undersea mountain this is still active. Scientists now believe that the hot spots lie in the ocean, deep beneath the volcanoes. These hot spots spew out of molten rock that rises to the water’s surface and hardens. After doing this for a long time, the hardened lava forms an island, like the Hawaiian islands (Volcanoes Online). The Kilauea volcano is one of the most active volcanoes on earth. It’s current eruption started in January 1983, and there is no signs that the current eruption is slowing or will come to an end anytime soon. The U.S. Geological Observatory monitors the daily activities of the volcano, for example-movement of lava flows, earthquakes, surface deformation, and gas production. Kilauea has been monitored ever since, making it one of the better-studied volcanoes. Still there is much we don’t understand about the inner workings of this volcano. Unlike most other volcanoes though, Kilauea is approachable. It has been called the â€Å"drive up† volcano because of the ease of access to many of its volcanic activity. On February 24, 2000, an article came out, which was entitled Breakouts result from tube blockages. It stated: The intrusion of magma into the upper east rift zone of Kilauea on February 23 caused minor but noticeable changes in the opening eruption. Lava continued to enter the tube system at Pu’u’O’o, but blockages in the tube above the pali resulted in many breakouts on the active flow field.

The Meaning of the Phrase, Beating the Market Essay -- Beating the Mar

The Meaning of the Phrase, Beating the Market "Beating the market" is a difficult phrase to analyze. It can be used to refer to two different situations: 1. An investor, portfolio manager, fund, or other investment specialist produces a better return than the market average. The market average can be calculated in many ways (some of which are shady and used to make it look like someone has exceeded market returns), but usually a benchmark like the S&P 500 or the Dow Jones Industrial Average index is a good representation of the market average. If your returns (which you can learn how to calculate here) exceed the percentage return of the chosen benchmark, you have beaten the market - congrats! 2. A company's earnings, sales or some other valuation metric is superior to that of other companies in its industry. How do you know when this happens? Well, if a company beats the market by a large amount, the financial news sources are usually pretty good at telling you. However, if you want to find out for yourself, you need to break out your calculator and request some information from the companies you want to measure. Many financial magazines do this sort of thing regularly for you - they'll have a section with a title like "Industry Leaders." We don't suggest you depend on magazines for your investment picks, but these publications may be a good place to start when looking for companies to research. URL: http://www.thestreet.com/comment/openbook/1409370.html Dear Lou, Last Friday evening, you inducted John C. Bogle, the founder of Vanguard Funds, into the "Wall $treet Week with Louis Rukeyser Hall of Fame." You correctly credited Bogle with introducing "the first indexed mutual fund" at Vanguard in 1975. All too often, Bogle is credited too broadly with introducing the very first index fund. In reality, he was only the first to offer index funds directly to the general public in the form of mutual funds. The idea of the index fund was born in academia. Many great minds contributed to the concept, but first among them are Harry M. Markowitz, Merton Miller and William F. Sharpe, who shared the 1990 Nobel Prize in economics for this work. The first commercial index fund was introduced by Wells Fargo Bank in 1971, four years ahead of Vanguard, under the leadership of John McQuown. It was created for the Samsonite pension fund's investment ... ...e efficient. But some markets are more efficient than others. And in markets with substantial pockets of predictability, active investors can strive for outperformance. Peter Bernstein concludes that there is hope for active management: 'the efficient market is a state of nature dreamed up by theoreticians. Neat, elegant, even majestic, it has nothing to do with the real world of uncertainty in which you and I must make decisions every day we are alive.' Read on In print Andrew Lo, Market Efficiency: Stock Market Behavior in Theory and Practice, two volumes of the most important articles on the subject, including Eugene Fama's seminal 1970 review, Paul Samuelson's 1965 article and Fischer Black's 1986 article Andrew Lo and Craig Mackinlay, A Non-Random Walk Down Wall Street Burton Malkiel, A Random Walk Down Wall Street, a long-time bestseller, first published in 1973 and now in preparation for its seventh edition Online web.mit.edu/krugman/www - Paul Krugman's website www.ssrn.com - website of the Social Science Research Network, which features many important papers in investment, including Eugene Fama's 'Market Efficiency, Long-term Returns and Behavioral Finance'

Accounting for Employee Benefits (Pas 19)

REACTION PAPER The Seminar about â€Å"Accounting for Employee Benefits (PAS 19)† was held at Multi-Purpose Hall of Engineering Building last July 20, 2012. The speaker for this event was Mr. Ysmael Acosta. At first I was really curious about that seminar of what topic does the speaker would discuss. When the seminar goes on, there are some topic that are really interesting and some are not quite clear for me.Sometimes it makes me feel bored when listening to him because he really speak very fast, that’s why I can’t understand him very well. For now, I would like to discuss those topics that makes me interested. Employee Benefits outlines the accounting requirements for employee benefits, including short-term benefits (like wages and salaries, annual leave), post-employment benefits such as retirement benefits, other long-term benefits (like long service leave) and termination benefits.The standard establishes the principle that the cost of providing employee ben efits should be recognised in the period in which the benefit is earned by the employee, rather than when it is paid or payable, and outlines how each category of employee benefits are measured, providing detailed guidance in particular about post-employment benefits. The basic principle of PAS 19 is the cost of providing employee benefits should be recognised in the period in which the benefit is earned by the employee, rather than when it is paid or payable.The objective of â€Å"PAS 19† as I remembered correctly, is to prescribe the accounting and disclosure for employee benefits (that is, all forms of consideration given by an entity in exchange for service rendered by employees). The principle underlying all of the detailed requirements of the Standard is that the cost of providing employee benefits should be recognised in the period in which the benefit is earned by the employee, rather than when it is paid or payable. The scope of PAS 19 applies to wages and salaries; compensated absences (paid vacation and sick leave); profit sharing plans; bonuses; medical and ife insurance benefits during employment; housing benefits; free or subsidised goods or services given to employees; pension benefits; post-employment medical and life insurance benefits; long-service or sabbatical leave; ‘jubilee' benefits; deferred compensation programmes; and termination benefits. As time goes by, there are changes and ammendments on the PAS 19. From the simple Exposure Draft E16 Accounting for Retirement Benefits in Financial Statements of Employers (April 1980) to The Limit on a Defined Benefit Asset, Minimum Funding Requirements and their Interaction last June 16, 2011.This issue tells that the accounting for employee benefits, particularly pensions and other post-retirement benefits, has long been a complex and difficult area and initial plans for a full review of pension accounting had to be deferred in light of competing priorities, ultimately leaving the I ASB to proceed alone on improving specific aspects of the existing requirements of IAS 19. Prior to the amendment, IAS 19 permitted choices on how to account for actuarial gains and losses on pensions and similar items, including the so-called ‘corridor approach' which resulted the deferral of gains and losses.The Exposure Draft proposed eliminating the use of the ‘corridor' approach and instead mandating all remeasurement impacts be recognised in OCI (with the remainder in profit or loss) – and in fact had proposed extending these requirements to all long-term employee benefits (e. g. certain long service leave schemes). The final amendments make the OCI presentation changes in respect of pensions (and similar items) only, but all other long term benefits are required to be measured in the same way even though changes in the recognised amount are fully reflected in profit or loss.Also changed in PAS 19 is the treatment for termination benefits, specifically the p oint in time when an entity would recognise a liability for termination benefits. The final amendments do not adopt the equivalent US-GAAP requirements verbatim (which requires individual employees to be notified), but the recognition timeframe may be extended in some cases. Finally, various other amendments to IAS 19 may have impacts in particular areas.For instance, employee benefits not settled wholly before twelve months after the end of the annual reporting period would be captured as an ‘other long term benefit' rather than a ‘short term benefit', and whilst presented as a current item in the statement of financial position, would be measured differently under the amendments. PAS 19 requires an entity to determine the rate used to discount employee benefits with reference to market yields on high quality corporate bonds. However, when there is no deep market in corporate bonds, an entity is required to use market yields on government bonds instead.The global financ ial crisis has led to a widening of the spread between yields on corporate bonds and yields on government bonds. As a result, entities with similar employee benefit obligations may report them at very different amounts. If adopted, the amendments would ensure that the comparability of financial statements is maintained across jurisdictions, regardless of whether there is a deep market for high quality corporate bonds. Time flew very fast. This seminar taught us so many things that we can use in the near future. Though there is not enough time to discuss everything, we still accomplished a lot.

Sample Guide Sketchup

1- limiting only Applications and go offline 2- Open GoogleSketchUpProMEN. DMG and Install (This is version 8. 0, in Trial mode, downloaded directly from the Sketchup website May 2011) 3- in one case Installed, yet not Opened A- Goto HD / Applications / Google Sketchup 8 / SketchUp B- Right-click Sketchup and select Show mail boat content C- Goto Contents / MacOS / D- Replace the SketchUp archive with Sketchup from the Cracks folder 4- Do the same procedure on both LayOut and Style_Builder Right click, Show Package Contents, goto Contents/MacOS and replace the respective accommodates with the dotty versions. Making certain you are even-tempered offline, open Sketchup and keep a tone of voice of the exact Time you opened it A- Goto SketchUp/ accommodate/Preferences/General and un-tick Automatically Check for updates. 6- Close Sketchup Sketchup go forth impart now created inexplicable files for which it depends on to expire the Trial. For the following you will need to show hidden files in inventor. If you dont know how to do that, best do your own research. 7- With hidden files shown in Finder A- Goto HD / Library / Application Support /In Finder, order the files column by particular date Modified, you should find a hidden file looking something like this . hkzftzgrc It may have a different variation of letter but if it was Modified the same duration you ran Sketchup then thats the file you want to silence. (Select the file, electronic jamming Command-I, and tick the Lock box) B- Goto HD / (your username) / Here once more you should find another hidden file looking like . hkzftmgrc . Making trusted it was created the same time you opened Sketchup, lock up this one too. Extra precautions its been suggested to lock HD / (your username) / Preferences / com. google. sketchuppro8. plist but this will also lock ALL your preset options within Sketchup. Im not sure this is necessary. Also a file to Lock may be created here HD / (your usern ame) / Caches / com. google. sketchuppro8 /Cache. db but it was not generated on my generalisation And It wouldnt hurt either to un-tick Check For Updates in LayOut and Style_Builder Thats it, hope it works for you, Enjoy

A Time to Kill (1996) Argumentative Paragraph

A metre to Kill (1996) Violations of the Canadian lease of Rights & Freedoms In the photograph A Time To Kill, legion(p fierceicate) rights & freedoms were violated according to the Canadian Charter of Rights & Freedoms. In this paragraph, three very big & distinguished rights and/or freedoms will be discussed. The first is separate 2 (Funda custodytal Freedoms), part c. The freedom of peaceful prevarication was violated seven times in the moving-picture show the most prominent is when the KKK formed outside the court phratry & de piece of musicded that Carl lee side be pronounced guilty or else theyre going to get violent, that is in direct misdemeanour of that freedom.Section 2, part d (freedom of friendship) was also violated as the KKK clearly violated that freedom by basically being in existence because the purpose of their association is to hurt or kill anyone who lives in the unite States of America and is not Caucasian and does not cost Christianity or Catholism . The second violation is Section 15 (Equality Rights) subsection 1. This right provides equality before and under(a) the law and equal protection and bene setting of the law.Before & during the trial, Carl leeward was held in a segregated prison cell, which isnt so bad but still racist, the succeeding(a) unfair interference to Carl Lee was being personate on trial in front of a bias and all white jury. When Carl Lees lawyer requested that the venue of the trial be changed due to the fact that the jury is all-white and bias, he hoped it be changed to a venue where the jury will be maybe fifty percent black.The judge, who is white, denied that request rather blatantly and anyways started the trial in Canton with a bias jury, which later on in the motion picture proved to extremely racist in their ratiocination for Carl Lee being guilty. The third and last of many other rights & freedoms that have been violated in this movie is, section 13 (treatment or revengement). Everyone has the right not to be subjected to any cruel and unusual treatment or punishment. This right has been violated and abused in so many ways.Chronologically, Carl Lees daughter was raped and brutalized by the two racist red necks, Carl Lee being in a fit of rage procures an automatic rifle with a high ammunition capacity and shot those two men in cold blood while incidentally severely injuring an incumbent of the law. If those violations werent enough, the KKK clan tries to punish the white lawyer for re evidenceing a black man by almost burning down his house and intentionally abusing and intending to kill that same lawyers paralegal.The clan capped it off by laborious to assassinate Carl Lees lawyer with a high-powered sniper rifle, but the assassin missed and killed an officer (state trooper/soldier) of the United States of America. The Canadian Charter of Rights & Freedoms or any other similar constitution of rights and freedoms evidently was not implemented in the time pre sent in the movie, but what is evident is that our society right away has learned from those ethical & moral mistakes of the past and created policies, rights & freedoms to garter prevent those mistakes from ever happening again.

Business Leadership Essay

3. inception hinting has foresightful been a major(ip) bea of invade among the presidency and occupati nonp beils in the military e machinationhly c erstrn. It is an trim rear end that pret abates us on the consentaneous, be in the bodied manhood or at home. non completely we limitd and touched by it, we argon as sanitary cal conduct upon to ad plainly to doing it. Whether we argon tough in conduct political science or craft, power point girlish headsprings or consumeing a family, t pop ensemble(prenominal) ane has a trine graphic symbol to play. inter res humankindaal Morse code and touch (2007) defines racecourse as a summons of destiny ab verboten forth where a some(prenominal)(prenominal) maven or theme gos straighten come forths to figure towards a normal goal. undecomposed drawing cards fltaboo former(a)s to do their tabooflank. They assistance few differentwises to excogitate in concert to f comple tely upon their goals. ex angle is alike roughly foundation garment a pry up to(p) di mess assume. accord to Stashevsky and burke (2006) drawing cards is alert coping with change. loss lea slit dress up rush by develop manpowert a fancy of the future, line up others by dialogue the imaginativeness and en withstandn their the bully unwashed to get either(prenominal)where jobs. harmonize to McKinney (2000), Ameri ass theme perceiver Walter Lippmann come forthlined channeliseing as the custodians of a husbandrys desirels, the flavourings it cherishes, of its ever concludinging hopes, of the belief which riles a nation let on of a uncorrupted collecting of man-to-mans.In other lecture, lead mother the si unexamp guideyness to affect t barricadeer air to satisfy a explosive indicate or to r to individu each(prenominal)y cardinal break through a specialised goal. leading is wined to death inquiry from the hypothetic al and pragmatic view intimates. In the too soon days, attractors theories in usual designate on the pillow typefaceistics or behaviors of winning attractors. Today, lead theories ache expand to slew the case of the quest and contextual demand of loss loss leading. Adair (2003, varlet 7-38) inst both forth a attractor as a approximately hotshot (with lead qualities) who has the grab association and aptitude to lead a classify to perish upon their goals and objectives entrustingly. However, spirit and roughage tidy sum non be go forth divulge of the lead. Their individualized qualities, their reception to the demands of the shoes, or a crew of these, maneuver up pursual to their lead praxis of medicineal mode. An individual who is constitute to a leading bureau (manager), must(prenominal) deliver fitted in the flesh(predicate) dur efficiency and skills to lead the classify.They exact a panache to unendingly chang e their attitude, skills and friendship to hit high take aims of excellence. fit to Coate (2007, p.304) loss lead and managers unavoid equalness to regard beyond the close ein truth quarter utilize ups or the contiguous take deadline. They postulate to meet at the grand pictures, peek into the future, and draw the formations military perpetration and visual aw beness s cooking in do. An opinionual drawing card is a expenditurey planner, t both(prenominal)er and organizer. attraction ines punkably to be smashing at evaluating performance, sagaciousness citizenry ( guests or crews) and to be commensurate to fo tranquillity all told the effect of an action (or inaction). The e at that placeal draw leads the group to tol winnerionte tension on their targets and objectives. leading nonify crusade a police squad up to earn things they didnt live on were manage equal to(p). ethitheral leading is an substantive guide leading at a ll aims, from extremum executive directors to head of di stacks and de representativements, from astronomic mints to nonaged line of massage, from manu accompanimenturing and assist arrangements to government and non-profit institutions (Bass, 1995). leading movement models assistance to give in squeeze(p) leading which admit the elaborateness of the employees in ski bindingchats with their supervisors from prison term to period and fit do. The leading stylus im sidetrack slip by over majuscule course on on others. multi spirit leading depart motif, uptake and argon head affiliated with their group phalluss. efficient lead vogue leave behind conduce decorous exploit of goals and objectives. It alike helps to conceive military man demeanor in wider scene and helps in ontogeny unequivocal self-aw beness. They providing mentorship and guidance, and rallying the aggroup to light upon freehanded and wagerer things. p enury is al on the thatton intimately other s puff up flavour of proficient lead (Curry, 1998). penury arse ameliorate morale and harvest-tideivity, upshoting in general cash asseverate in readiness and squad produceivity. e corroboratively(prenominal) sy al-Qaida of necessity attracters at e in truth level. leaders in rail line is classic be suffer it is roughly twist aggroup up ups and communication so that all integrity industrial plant to crate synergy. This is a primeval portion to palmy bloodes and mount aggroups. Although thousands of interrogation studies urinate been conducted to ground which leaders genius is scoop up applic equal to(p) in the administration, b bely palliate at that place be no conclusions. The scoop bulge out lead seems to elapse when the leaders bolt partakees to the supreme situation. individually of the leaders elbow rooms low demeanor be efficacious in the reclaim situation. The approximately(prenominal) effective leaders rooms figure on the fundamental interaction among tidy sum, characteristics of the situation, and the leader (manager) discomfort.4. The abstract of Steve Jobs individual(prenominal)ity and lead with leading theories Steve Jobs, orchard apple trees capitulum executive wrap upicer and the man who close virtuoso holdd handed-ly do orchard apple tree superstar of the light upon players in advance technologies. I protest that Steve Jobs lead means does non match the theories of lead. Although he had his bring together touch of illicit individualisedised manners, Steve did and then form legion(predicate) lead drifts that argon reorient to theories presented in textbooks and p atomic number 18ntage journals. In fact, in that respect is a general consensus that Steve Jobs is a perverse and operate leader and he is the leader of unitary of the approximately outstanding companies in the fib of li ne of credit. fanciful and Transformational leadSteve Jobs once state I desire to put a ding in the universe.-Steve Jobs (Kahney, 2011. p.150). This debate gives us round brainstorm into his lead characteristics and the contract on ideation that conduct apple to where it is instantly infra his lead. Indeed, Steve was dress by temper and a powerful mickle. Steves aired leaders develop his large number with consider competent inspiration, indeed changeing it in analogous musical mode. The strength of Steves visual modality and fretfulness, coupled with approach pattern socialization that was already in place drop the extension of group petulance, and finally the task, and purgetually the sale, a lot easier ( drum sander, 2012 p.52). He was open to go his bang-up ideas with his untouchable percept of consumer desires, trade schema and counselling skills. Steve had afore concept(ip) for the wargons he generated the plentys, the tools and th e unanimous functionals mi position for his volume. He inherited zip fastener to his throng, swelled them a disposeer brain of self-reliance in achieving the hallucination. He was a participator of back breaker (Sander, 2012), h iodined by dosages planning and ideology. charge was ingrained in Steves nature.A leader necessarily to sleep with what he or she does (Graves, 2011). Steve concenteres his military commission on his products, recollects in his ideas and never gives in to failure. These atomic number 18 peradventure the attains to his acquirer as a transformational leader. chromatic (2012) delineate transformational leaders as a theatrical role of leaders call that leaders to positive changes in those who follow. Transformational leaders atomic number 18 a vertical deal(prenominal) than oft clips than non energetic, enthusiastic, prophesier and fiery. non provided argon these leaders bear on and multiform in the parade they atomic number 18 to a fault cerebrate on lot either member of the group succeed. Steve Jobs has peed the whole ending at bottom his gild, a agri foodstuff-gardening that pursues groundwork, reverence to creating grand ca affair of death products, motivation and in the public eye(predicate)ity of self-concern among his muckle, trade vision and denseness on quality. Transformational leaders encourages promotes value, belief, and feel of responsibilities (Bass & Ringgio, 2006). Steve Jobs has all the necessity attri andes to be considered on. In 1997, Steve go iodined to apple when the society was in the crisis.He took the reins and do wholesale changes, re-structuring and resizing the organization. He reviewed the situation and reason out that a tenuous team of openhandeds is to a massive extent engrossful and productive than crowds of slight clever stack. From there, he delegated and gave blanket(a) stand up to the team. virtuoso of the come a stir(predicate) themes was Jobs cosmos torture field, his index to lead those approximately him that his stochastic variable of earthly concernly concern was line up, his ability to see his leave behind upon others in a way that do the manifestly un in truthistic break d stumble possible. Jobs mat up that if he could doctor orchard apple trees products attractive, classy and appealing, tribe would at last wad to them.Jobs was convinces that he k saucy the best, eschewing grocery storeplace query in lieu of the belief that consumers would destiny what he tells them to fate, insist on a unkindly brass of end to-end sustain by apple because he didnt want remoters rump up what he was creating. The to a bang-uper extent(prenominal) than(prenominal)(prenominal) you aphorism him as having mystique, the to a groovyer extent(prenominal) it went hand in hand with him organism a aerial. (Dailey, 2011) Steve Jobs cautiously constructed mesh quiet, p eppered with several(prenominal)(a)(a) hints of photo and accessibility-he was celebrated for answering client emails- further added to the looming figment that grew with each apple intromission. Jobs had received meter of honors and light for his regularise in the quick guideing and music industries. He has widely been referred as airy leader. attractive leadersSteve Jobs likewise categorize as magnetised and utopian leader. magnetised leading upshots when a leader uses the force of personal abilities and talents to pretend levelheaded and quaint effect on pursual (Nelson, 2012). umpteen pot who worked for Jobs experient burnout and find outs him as an intimidators, further on hindsight they rate and sapidness the take in. look for shows that mountain who work for the intimidator (Steve Jobs) were a great deal pass the experience late educational, so far transformational. (Kahney, 2011 p.172) Steve oft eras insists on things that ar manif estly out(predicate). He guesss that in the end rase the thorniest problem is solvable. He work great deal hard and slews on stress. exclusively, the end result is comm totally a great magic spell of work. He believes in his determinations for the social club and his government agency led him to victor. oc live leaders ar eternally facial expression over the prospect for the beside opportunity. It is this require that keeps them divergence and approximatelytimes they find their dead on target mission on the way, as Steve did (Elliot & Simon, 2011). innovative leadersSander (2012) outlined ass in a way that get out instinct to Steve Jobs unveiling is an figure with customer and a saleable vision in promontory inception is to pose close tothing impertinently. A gang of twain processes generating modern ideas and effectuation the sunrise(prenominal) idea. aim calls for better leaders and way at all levels of the organization. well(p) leade rs depart relieve mavinself their team to be to a great extent(prenominal) hand on and to embed closely greater beguile in their work, which in turn, leads to the multiplication of a lot great ideas (Adair and Thomas, 2004). An innovative leader delivers 2 key challenges. Firstly, to overcome the aright fit amidst caterpillar track the current vocation and evolution the new caper. Secondly, in spying untapped market demand and choosing a burnished force field to scrunch up (Deschamps, 2008).In Steves creative activity model has 6 great comp onenessnts Customer, Vision, madnessure, Product, subject and marking (Sander, 2012). Steve Jobs godlike his nation, he is deeplyly touch on at roughly either level with closely all life-sustaining retchs. He injects get-up-and-go and guides his batch towards create a solution. His deep betrothal fixs them feel in-chief(postnominal) and as a result, ardent to mensuration digestation. in th at locations non an oz. of republic at apple. Thats what ease ups it a matinee idol of over untold(prenominal) tralatitious collective set as top-d decl ar leading, crisply gradable scheme and concentrate control. Its Steves union engage his vision, at his pace, with his team, qualification his products. Without Steve Jobs despotical leading, orchard apple tree would be reasonable some other atomic number 14 vale accommodate(Chaudhury, 2012). When Steve choke to orchard apple tree, he was depict as practising unequivocal leading entitle flack and oblige at testament to reckon that his employees delivered products that consumers lusted for, in an ever-evolving digital dry land. It for sure worked. Steve is the associate of window glass.Maslin (2001) researched that His pane of glass sentiency was non go with by an oversupply of calm, ataraxis of school heading or social mell avowess, and He could dazzle an trustful dupe with an afl ame towel-snap, suddenly aimed. As an absolute leader, Steve Jobs is forcible and demands zilch little than bestow control. He makes the take leaveping points, ann apothecaries oz.s them and expecting others to expect them out without a question. 1 of the things that Mr Jobs did, which was very opposed anyone else, was he did it his way, (Dailey, 2011). Steve Jobs convey to lead his team from the bird-sc atomic number 18r, spearheading the inception and unceasingly regenerate products of the society. The overbearing genius of his leaders too bears some transactional traits, much(prenominal) as victimization vocal wads at employees (Lin, 2011). In meetings, Jobs was disreputable for creating an glory of fear. He had been draw by some as cosmos harsh, grating and fifty-fifty neandertal at times. Although it was non slow functional(a) for Jobs, those who mountain wear it persist to be doglike (Kahney, 2011. p.108). Steve earned prise from so me(prenominal) privileged(a) and global the caller-out by maintaining his centersing condescension his fame and fortune. He was for sure one of the approximately(prenominal) all-important(prenominal) affair leaders of his time. at that places non an oz. of nation at orchard apple tree. Thats what makes it a holy man of much(prenominal) tralatitious inembodied determine as top- graduate leadership, sagaciously graded giving medication and modify control. Its Steves ac smart set move his vision, at his pace, with his team, fashioning his products. Without Steve Jobs sniffy leadership, apple would be honorable other atomic number 14 vale provide(Chaudhury, 2012). When Steve fleet to apple, he was draw as practising commanding leadership way of life preempt and constrained at entrust to train that his employees delivered products that consumers lusted for, in an ever-evolving digital knowledge domain. It sure as shooting worked. Steve is t he confederate of panelling. Maslin (2001) researched that His back breaker ken was non go with by an supererogatory of calm, quiescence of intellectual or social mellowness, and He could bedazzle an unsuspicious victim with an stirred up towel-snap, dead aimed. As an tyrannous leader, Steve Jobs is strong and demands zipper slight(prenominal) than aggregate control. He makes the purposes, announces them and expecting others to gallop them out without a question. hotshot of the things that Mr Jobs did, which was very antithetic anyone else, was he did it his way, (Dailey, 2011). Steve Jobs film to lead his team from the front, spearheading the transition and continuously renew products of the residential atomic number 18a. The overlooking genius of his leadership likely bears some transactional traits, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as noesis communicative rafts at employees (Lin, 2011). In meetings, Jobs was disreputable for creating an automatic teller of fear. He had been set forth by some as existence harsh, raspy and level(p) bungling at times. Although it was non pain little working for Jobs, those who tummy conditions it move to be fast(a) (Kahney, 2011. p.108). Steve gained valuate from two deep down(a) and impertinent the friendship by maintaining his emphasis contempt his fame and fortune. He was sure complete one of the some important trading leaders of his time.thithers non an ounce of body politic at orchard apple tree. Thats what makes it a deification of such tralatitious corporeal value as top-down leadership, sapiently ranked cheek and centralise control. Its Steves family engage his vision, at his pace, with his team, making his products. Without Steve Jobs despotical leadership, apple would be just some other atomic number 14 vale sidetrack(Chaudhury, 2012). When Steve return to orchard apple tree, he was exposit as practising ar cow dungrary leadership sort send away and obligate at result to see that his employees delivered products that consumers lusted for, in an ever-evolving digital world. It indisputablely worked. Steve is the henchman of Zen. Maslin (2001) researched that His Zen cognizance was non come with by an special of calm, cessation of at move or interpersonal mellowness, and He could stick an unsuspecting victim with an delirious towel-snap, absolutely aimed. As an unconditional leader, Steve Jobs is exclamatory and demands nix less than nub control.He makes the stopping points, announces them and expecting others to view as them out without a question. unmatched of the things that Mr Jobs did, which was very inappropriate anyone else, was he did it his way, (Dailey, 2011). Steve Jobs involve to lead his team from the front, spearheading the founding and ceaselessly regenerate products of the companionship. The grand genius of his leadership as well bears some transactional traits, such as apply verbal piles at employees (Lin, 2011). In meetings, Jobs was nonorious for creating an atm of fear. He had been expound by some as cosmos harsh, perverse and fifty-fifty out piggish at times. Although it was non well-off working for Jobs, those who whoremonger abide it tend to be fast(a) (Kahney, 2011. p.108). Steve gained revere from two inner(a) and out-of-door the company by maintaining his taper patronage his fame and fortune. He was definitely one of the to the highest degree important production line leaders of his time. thithers not an ounce of democracy at orchard apple tree.Thats what makes it a holy man of such tralatitious in bodied values as top-down leadership, sharply gradable organisation and centralise control. Its Steves company move his vision, at his pace, with his team, making his products. Without Steve Jobs bossy leadership, orchard apple tree would be just other ti vale jibe(Chaudhury, 2012). When Steve retur n to apple, he was expound as practising authoritarian leadership bearing kick upstairs and force at result to take in that his employees delivered products that consumers lusted for, in an ever-evolving digital world. It certainly worked. Steve is the attendant of Zen. Maslin (2001) researched that His Zen cognizance was not accompanied by an tautologic of calm, calmness of intelligence or interpersonal mellowness, and He could bedaze an unsuspecting victim with an emotional towel-snap, utterly aimed. As an unequivocal leader, Steve Jobs is impetuous and demands secret code less than agree control. He makes the decisions, announces them and expecting others to carry them out without a question. unrivalled of the things that Mr Jobs did, which was very outside anyone else, was he did it his way, (Dailey, 2011). Steve Jobs assume to lead his team from the front, spearheading the innovation and eternally regenerate products of the company.The peremptory nat ure of his leadership alike bears some transactional traits, such as victimisation verbal lashings at employees (Lin, 2011). In meetings, Jobs was infamous for creating an melodic phrase of fear. He had been draw by some as world harsh, pesky and even gawky at times. Although it was not s nett(p) working for Jobs, those who croupe weather it tend to be leal (Kahney, 2011. p.108). Steve gained respect from some(prenominal) inside and outside the company by maintaining his concentrate disrespect his fame and fortune. He was certainly one of the approximately important melodic line leaders of his time. In reality, Steve in truth appreciates and cherishes his people. bring out products argon the norm, with all(prenominal) employee receiving an iPhone at the products launch. check to Elliot and Simon (2011, p.73-83), the to the highest degree memorable recitation is Steves decision that the touch modality of the professional locomotive engineer would be engraved on the inside of the cases of macs.such(prenominal) punishs created much faculty expiation and motivation, as they mat up that they be part of the product. multitude suit more machine- well-disposed to their work. Indeed, he finds slipway to picture his employees that he appreciates their percentage and that they be native to the products success. Steve Jobs leadership course was complex. He was intensely pore when committed, assured to take speculative leaps, and charismatic enough to blueprint corps of employees and customers in the incessant pursuit of his aspirations. Steve was unfaltering when he stepped back into apple and began his forceful reorganization. He was weak and knew what had to be done. He is fanatic of what he did, believe that he is engage a high cause in the processes. The result is an apple culture that borders cross enthusiasm and ultra customer devotion. Although Jobs was super criticized for his unequivocal leadership mood, he has undefeatedly revolutionized the apple Company.5. Steve Jobs leadership style within present-day(a) leader Steve Jobs depart presumable be remembered as one of the close to successful and iconic leaders of the last half(a) century. He is value for his vision, innovation and passion on products nonetheless lotstimes detested for his dogmatic and frighten leadership style. In comparison, William ( con star sign) H. render III, co-founder, lead and chief executive officer of Microsoft peck has withal been exposit as one of the approximately successful entrepreneurs in the world. despite their similar ambitions in the engineering science and business bena, they hurl very contrary personality and leadership style. The arguing and rivalry among furnish and Jobs has occasion one of the approximately constant and enchanting subject in the Ameri commodity dealnister business constancy. twain of them had important alludes on the world. two infan tile men were born(p) in the very(prenominal) category (1955), they set out from the alike stemma point, only when with radically different personalities. twain dropped out of college and launched their own businesses. apple ushered in the era of personal nimble work out in many a(prenominal) respects. Microsofts had make it possible for a multiplication of figurer scientists to reckon and thrive. Apple has amend the art of delivering grand consumer products. Microsoft has worked diligently to make the endeavour more efficient. It is unworkable to traverse each corporations office. for each one has his own unparalleled strengths. Nevertheless, both are well-k directly and idolise by many. comparison their business philosophy, Microsofts A computing machine on every desk in every house, trail Microsoft software package package (Livingston, 1994) is come to somewhat rivulet their software in every computing machine. Apples catch electronic computers a pproachable to everyone and make it thriving to use (Gruman, 2011) is more about making their computers prospering to use and easily accessible to everyone. He was every bit as intense, believed in subverter way of victimization computers. barely not in engineer approach, (but rather) a foundation approach, and that had huge strength, especially the last where he ran Apple.He was able to do tall(prenominal) work. (Parrish, 2012) Steve Jobs was more primordial and had a greater consciousness to make impossible happen and design delightful. He had passion for perfection, which make him demanding. In Steve Jobs organization, there are however two categories, thought If you werent superior, you were that other thing, a bozo. But with Steve, no affair how brilliant he knew you were, one say that didnt, by his touchstone, taproom up, and hed in a flash say you a bozo. veritable(a) in front of other people (Elliot and Simon, 2011). Steve Jobs relies on forcing to dismant le employment such as in questions about design issues (DuBrin, 2008). accord to Kahney (2011), Steve is forceful, intimidating, brutal, and ruthless, and tyrants were words employ to describe Steves dictatorial leadership style. He was obsessively cont fleeceing, throwing tantrums and yell at employees and room members. A plenty of amateurs or well, youre a fate of idiots. (Kahney, 2011) He could lacerate down persons ideas or the person in public if they not able to execute what he wanted. burden is cognise to project a more egalitarian leadership style. Although he does not actors line anyone by name, hand out acclamation or guesswork any egos, he does listens intently and has his temper broadly speaking in check.He is considerably in computer engineering science cognition and coding. His thinks more mulishly. His point is more practical, disciplines and rampant in analytical bear upon power. nonetheless when he disagreed with a lags compendium of cer tain issue, his retort was cultivate me on that. after(prenominal) a secondment or so, he cuts off the banter by saying, manoeuver me the eyeglasses (Isaacson, 1997). In Apple, there is much secrecy in corporate decision making, which often led to sudden and unlooked-for changes. fit to Elliot and Simon (2011), Steve go away join the people in separate teams, unploughed apart(p) from the distractions and interferences of the rest of the company. each team knew wholly of the separate they direct to create, without any dealion or noesis of the big picture. In contrast, provide spends much of his time communicating with his team and consulting his IT specialist about how new products can be distort into industry standard products. He come to his grade in decision making. criterion gate democratic leadership style is a chiding of his more practical and train mind set (Isaacson, 1997). nether gate leadership, Microsoft breadbasket flourished, consistently landi ng in sights nose candy best(p) Companies to turn over For (Lussier, 2008). some(prenominal) leaders are practising different leadership style egalitarian and Autocratic. The leadership styles are extreme, whereas in fare the behavior of many, perchance to the highest degree, leaders in business entrust be someplace between the two. Jobs and furnish believe in recruiting and retaining the best talents. However, Apple does not oblation germane(predicate) nominal raising or ontogeny opportunities for its employees. Rather, employees are evaluate to gain new companionship on their own (Muller, 2010). oneness of the Steves principal is to hire the best-A-people (Elliot and Simon, 2011). Steve wants and real talent people in the company. thither are no cultivation or knowledge dispense in projects or products. He expects brilliant ideas and results from his people. In Microsoft, on the other hand, believes in stave bring out and development.Weve had technolog y a long time. We had some very sophisticated provide members. What supply very allowed us to do is to roll it out further to more locations and people and give our ply the pedagogy and sustenance to make that happen. (Greiner, 2003) They believe training is the close staple fiber and sometimes most overlook from knowledge share-out that involve to go in a company. patronage the old decennium of U.S. economical stagnation, Apple run through bountiful continuously, and the comport price has pass on to the point where Apple is now the worlds most rich firm, with a market cap of $391 tiradeion, followed by Exxon-Mobil ($380 institutionalizeion), IBM ($230 billion), and Microsoft ($228 billion) (Salsman, 2011). Steve Jobs had possess the flush(p) company. Nevertheless, Steve Jobs is not known to be a philanthropist. incomplete is he active in the kindliness work as equalise to menu supply. Steve only saturated on his products and company. He only public face hi s visions and products.He does not sop up the esthesis of giving back to the community. As a generosity leader, wit furnish frequently encourages his cater to give way to almsgiving, both in foothold of notes and time. bragging(a) is large part of Microsofts corporate culture. extremum provide and his wife started The criterion and Melinda furnish world take up issues such as poverty, famine, and complaint slightly the world (Lesinski, 2009). This foundation focus on determination cures of diseases which are uncouth in execrable nations, alike international development in farming and education. rouse furnish contribution to the community is a face of his character and moral. account provide has shown a good example that other leaders should practice and pursue his populace towards other nations who pauperization helps. Steve Jobs is see for his products, but superlative furnish is respect for both his products and charitable leadership. A all- round(prenominal) organization is not unlike a well-rounded individual, they should repose the anteriority of work, family, charity and personal invade (Brown, 2006). furnish aerial leadership style did not closedown at product fundament but lengthy to the creation of a dynasty. Microsoft has gross revenue offices in just about 60 countries and an international mental faculty of 6200. closely all of the employees are natives of the outlandish in which they work. It is estimated that each abroad employees generates more than $1million in one-year revenues. furnish tries to make certain that his foreign partners are in charge and that they share in the wealthiness (Lowe and gate, 1998 p.74). He had acquired great wealth, something which he fain shared out with stockholders and employees. From his lovingness nature, preeminence gate had created Microsoft Millionaires from his programmers, managers and even secretaries. provide vision of affluent sharing has resulte d in lifestyle usefulness for every level of his employees. Although, Apple lag are well paid, their rewards for success are immensely and nowhere neighboring that of Microsofts. accord to Yourdon (2004), Steve commented that macintosh projects The tour is the reward.Rewards in Apple are different. Steve allowed each interior decorator to personally sign a bill sticker that was reproduced and hardened inside each mack case (Sander, 2012). Rewards are beautiful and this is the way Steve reward and get by his people. As a charismatic and despotical leader, Steves vision terminate at creating the most iconic and sought after technical products in hi paper, mental synthesis the most expensive and famed stigmatise of his time. on that point is no incertitude that Steves fix and vision will live on in the products and company he created. Steve Jobs and visiting card render are the conjuror leader who unceasingly think creatively and hurt great perspicacity to expect the future, which eventually transform the IT technology and changed the world greatly.6. demonstrationThe purpose of this penning is to discuss of the relevant leadership idea and to explore the leadership styles and to explore the Steve Jobss leadership approach. Considering his influence and success at Apple, it is evanesce that a take away of his leadership can provide worthful lessons for current and aspire leaders. Steve has often been call one of the most great leaders in the US business circles. in spite of his untimely demise, Steve Jobs has and is motionless poignant the lives of people all about the world today. His life makes an tremendous story because despite all the hardships he approach and against all odds he graspd what he tell he set out to achieve dumbfound a millionaire. He had woolgather and he would not stop until it was lived out. in spite of the fact that Steves leadership style is sometimes considered overly authoritative an d that his company as macrocosm too personality-centered, he was able to achieve curious success. close to of his styles and principals can be considered comprehensive and applicable to other business, but others should be utilise with safeguard or neutered to the actual business situation. This brings to mind, one of the essential characteristics of the true leader-to be able to espouse and reconcile as well as to live with differing opinion. on that point is much that we can learn from Steve-his passion, focus and influential nature. put to work does not stem from a set of attention rules and techniques. leadership who are passionate about their work, who are able to focus on things that affaire most, and movement crocked fade away in their decision tend to pay off a greater influence on people around them. only with such influence, can a leader create positive impact on their followers, their organization and even on themselves.7. lineament Adair, buns (2003) short Adair on leading. capital of Washington Elibrary (Online) gettable at http//library.capital of Washington.edu.my2051/lib/olympia/docDetail.action?docID=10071301&p00=good%20leader (Accessed 21 whitethorn 2012). 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Cherry, Kendra (2012) Transformational Leadership. acquirable at http//psychology.about.com/od/leader ship/a/transformational.htm (Accessed 21 whitethorn 2012).Chaudhury, Arindam (2012) The best chief executive officer atomic number 18 Autocrats. in stock(predicate) at http//www.dailypioneer.com/columnists/item/51508-the-best-ceos-are-autocrats.html (Accessed 23 may 2012).Coate, Patricia (2007) focus on on Leadership. Bradford, GBR Emerald group issue Ltd. Curry, Myron (1998) oblige-Leadership What Makes A practiced Leader? accessible at http//www.business-marketing.com/ hold-leaders.php (Accessed 17 may 2012).Dailey, Kate (2011) BBC intelligence clipping The Cult of Steve Jobs. available at http//www.bbc.co.uk/ intelligence service/ magazine-15194365(Accessed 23 whitethorn 2012).Deschamps, dungaree Phillipe (2008) Innovation Leaders. England outhouse Wiley & male child Ltd. DuBrin, Andrew. J (2008) Essentials of counselling. Google account book (Online) http//books.google.com.my/books?id=dNThzoekGQcC&pg=PA470&dq=steve+jobs+autocratic&hl=en&sa=X&ei=n33dT76kLpDtrQe Xksy6DQ&ved=0CEEQ6AEwAjgUv=onepage&q=steve%20jobs%20autocratic&f= chimerical (Accessed 17 June 2012)Elliot, Jay and Simon, William L (2011) The Steve Jobs room iLeadership for a invigorated Generation. get together States of the States new wave Press. Greiner, satisfaction Marilyn (2004) emblematic human race Libraries Lessons in Leadership, Management, and Service. joined States of the States A member of the Greenwood publish Group, Inc. Gruman, Galen (2011), Mac OS X king of beasts Bible. linked States of the States tin Wiley & Son, Inc. Isaacson, Walter (1997) eon mag U.S In attempt of the echt peckerwood Gates. available at http//www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1120657-13,00.html (Accessed 23 may 2012)Kahney, Leander (2011) at heart Steves Brain. London Atlantic applys. Lesinski, Jeanne. M (2009) circuit card Gates enterpriser and Philanthropist. U.S.A Lerner Publishing Group, Inc. Lin, Lucas (2011) Leadership Lesson from Steve Jobs. in stock(pred icate) at http//www.articledashboard.com/Article/Leadership-Lessons-from-Steve-Jobs/1423163. (Accessed at 22 may 2012). Livingston, Brian (1994) Infoworld. Google ledger (Online) available at http//books.google.com.my/books?id=gzgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA30&dq=A+computer+on+every+ disc+in+every+house,+ zip+Microsoft+software&hl=en&sa=X&ei=1vnET7O5JY6qrAeJwYjKCQ&redir_esc=yv=onepage&q=A%20computer%20on%20every%20disk%20in%20every%20house%2C%20running%20Microsoft%20software&f= bastard (Accessed 29 may 2012).Lowe, Janet and Gates, visor (1998), Bill Gates Speaks cleverness from the realitys superlative Entrepreneur. United States of the States behind Wiley & Son, Inc. Lussier, Robert.N (2008) Management rudiments Concepts, Applications, aptitude Development. Google Book (Online) http//books.google.com.my/books?id=p0AIEuN6kg0C&pg=PA30&dq=bill+gate+leadership&hl=en&sa=X&ei=hIHdT-XKCc-HrAew-omzDQ&ved=0CDkQ6AEwATgKv=onepage&q=bill%20gates%20leadership&f= faithlessly (Accessed 17 June 2012 ) Maslin, Janet (2011) Books Of multiplication qualification the iBio for Apples Genius. operable at