Vincent Van Gogh at the National Gallery of Art Essay

Vincent Van Gogh at the National Gallery of Art - Essay Example Reproductions of his work appear on posters, calendars, mouse pads, and other widespread consumer items. His influence was especially strong on the French Fauvists and German Expressionists immediately following his death. Even those works not immediately known today are quickly recognized by his unique style and approach, yet Van Gogh himself saw little of this success or popularity while he was alive. No publications can be found discussing his work while he was alive and only a few mentions of him, mostly negative, are found before 1910. However, paintings such as Wheatfield with Cypress reveal a great deal of the artist’s approach and emotion as well as the various ways in which he revolutionized the art world. Wheatfield with Cypress is an example of Van Gogh’s work while he was a resident at Saint-Remy hospital for the mentally unstable. It is a member of a series of paintings in which Van Gogh explored an image or a theme. Whether it was this painting or another one of the series, he wrote to his brother Theo that the trees â€Å"are always occupying my thoughts, I should like to make something of them like the canvases of the sunflowers, because it astonishes me that they have not yet been done as I see them. The tree is as beautiful of line and proportion as an Egyptian obelisk. And the green has a quality of such distinction. It is a splash of black in a sunny landscape, but it is one of the most interesting black notes, and the most difficult to hit off exactly that I can imagine† (cited in Wallace, 1969: 144). His fascination with the trees themselves as well as their contribution to the landscape overall is evident within this painting. The image depicts an initially confusing scene. The brightly lit landscape is covered by a swirling mass of clouds in a sky that seems eternally blue. The scene depicts a golden wheatfield not far from the hospital in which Van Gogh stayed in southern France.

Parliamentary sovereignty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Parliamentary sovereignty - Essay Example The notion of Parliamentary Sovereignty has been central to democratic practice for a considerable period of time. In a democracy, the legislature is elected by popular vote and this has been a major feature of the English Constitution. In the initial stages of democracy in Britain, liberty was at grave risk due to monarchical power.1 As a consequence of the doctrine of Parliamentary Sovereignty, the Parliament was empowered to enact or rescind any law whatsoever. In addition, no individual or organisation was permitted by English Law to set aside or overrule legislation enacted by Parliament. In R (Jackson) v Attorney General,2 Lord Hope stated that Parliamentary Sovereignty was not absolute. Thereafter he referred to the enactment of the 1972 European Communities Act and the 1998 Human Rights Act which had effectively diminished the power of Parliament to legislate.3 There was disagreement among their Lordships, regarding the ruling in R (Jackson) v Attorney General. This divergenc e in view related to whether the process detailed under section 2 of the Parliament Act 1911 and 1949, could be employed by the House of Commons to extend the life of Parliament beyond 5 years. The decision in the Jackson case apparently supports this view. Most of the members of the House of Lords were against this conclusion.4 However, they were signally unable to substantiate it in a manner that was consistent with promoting the supremacy of Parliament. In particular, Lord Hope highlighted the fact that the notion of absolute legislative sovereignty of Parliament that had been derived by Dicey from Blackstone and Coke was undergoing gradual change. However, in his judgement in this case, Lord Hope refrained from explicitly declaring that the courts lacked the power to question the validity of legislation for the reason that the latter was incompatible with union legislation.5 However, Lord Hope was of the opinion that union legislation was a tangible constraint on Parliamentary S overeignty. As per Lord Hope, the doctrine of Parliamentary Sovereignty was central to the Constitution. However, due to certain developments, Parliamentary Sovereignty was not absolute. Consequently, it would be incorrect to contend that Parliament’s freedom to legislate is unrestricted.6 In addition, Lord Hope stated that the rule of law, which was implemented by the courts, was the decisive controlling factor, and that the Constitution was founded on this element. Furthermore, Parliamentary Sovereignty would be rendered a hollow doctrine, if the general public refused to acknowledge legislation enacted by it, on the grounds that it was extremely offensive and incongruous. The fulcrum of the British Constitution is the doctrine of Parliamentary Sovereignty. Dicey, wrote extensively on the doctrine of Parliamentary Sovereignty and deemed it to be the underlying feature of British political institutions, as well as the very bedrock of constitutional law.7 As per Dicey, parlia ment can repeal or enact any law and the judiciary cannot hold a statute to be invalid for the reason that it breaches legal or moral principles.8 Thus, every fundamental law, with the exception of the principle of Parliamentary Sovereignty, can be altered by Parliament. One of the critical features of the rule of sovereignty is that no parliament has the power to bind its successors. Thus, there is no avenue, whereby a parliament can ingrain an Act of Parliament.9 In other words, every Act of Parliament can be repealed by subsequent legislation. Dicey was a strong proponent of the thought that the Rule of Law would be affected by discretionary power, as the latter would ultimately result in arbitrary decisions. This has been criticised by some scholars, who have contended that discretion is inevitable in a modern state, if a wide range of regulatory and welfare duties have to be carried out.10 All the same, several important values are incorporated in the Rule of Law, such as acces s to justice, accountability, certainty, due process, efficiency,

Personality Features of the Entrepreneur

Personality Features of the Entrepreneur Ability to set high personal but obtainable aims The concern of personal accomplishment, rather than reward of success Knowledge and experience-According to Schultz (1975) states that entrepreneur talent is not only innate, but may also improve by experience and education. Entrepreneur knowledge is the important element for any company performance. Brà ¼derl et al (1992) states that the higher level of Entrepreneur education bring positivity in the productivity, which automatically leads to increase the company profit. Hence higher productivity helps to increase efficiency and processing of management and on otherwise tends to attract the customers and participating profitably with suppliers and Investors. Hambrick and Mason(1984) also concludes that company success is totally dependent on the entrepreneur Knowledge. Knowledge mainly depends on the education and the past experience (Barker III and Mueller 2002; Hadjimanolis 2000).By attaining good knowledge, entrepreneur develops new innovative ideas and try to make them real. On the other hand Hisrich Peter (1995); Mcgrath MacMillan (2000) argues that there is perception that education experience do make contribution to the function of Entrepreneurship, however these experiences may not always exclusively transpire through formal education The environment of the different culture can produce difference in attitude (Baskerville 2003) as well as differences in the behaviour of entrepreneurial (North 1990; Shane 1994) culture knowledge is another aspect which can be understood by entrepreneur. According to Zhao (2010), the cultural awareness could be defined as the understanding of a peoples historical and cultural backgrounds as well as their approach to life and their ways of living and thinking. Therefore, as Rogers and Steinfatt (1999) argue, culture has very powerful effects on individual behaviour including entrepreneurial behaviour. Vernon et aI (1997) explained that culture is an significant in any discussion of Entrepreneurship because it determines the attitude of individuals towards the commencement of Entrepreneurship. Prior hand experience is considered to be beneficial for any entrepreneur and can be expected to have a greater ability to resist unfavourable shocks and to perform corrective actions in a new venture. According to Davidsson and Honig (2003) Starr and Bygrave (1992) explains that the previous experience helps to lead to an implement skills that critically influences subsequent efforts to establish and build up new ventures. Also Shane(2000) Ucbasaran et al. (2003) concludes that the individuals who engage in the multiple starts-up called habitual entrepreneur, who develops a entrepreneurial approach and problem solving ability which automatically helps to increase their skill to recognize and utilize further opportunity. Propensity to take Risk-Risk attitude influence the entire life cycle of Entrepreneur. According to Cramer et al (2002) caliendo et al (2009), there is positive linkage between Risk attitude and the decision to become an Entrepreneur. Entrepreneurs tend to be more independently-minded, ready to take risks and accept the penalty if things go wrong.Casson (1982) concludes that risk taking ability and innovativeness are the personal characteristics and more over they have all the knowledge of handling business. Thus, people with more experience, higher abilities or greater knowledge in the field of potential self-employment tend to perceive the risks connected with certain decisions as lower ( Gifford 2003).Caird(1988) also agreed with Casson and concludes that successful entrepreneurs have abilities and knowledge to sense business risks and profitability and try to accurate errors to improve business performance and prospects. On the other hand Grable and Lytton (1998) also claim that the educational level of entrepreneurs is the most important variable in distinguishing risk-taking intensity in businesses. Psychological theory has pointed out that the individuals risk attitude is only one of numerous personal variables possibly influencing the decision to become an entrepreneur ( Rauch and Frese 2000). Person risk attitude is one of the key variable In the choice between a salaried job and entrepreneurship. According to Chell et al. (1991), there should be an inverse U-shaped relation between risk attitudes and entrepreneurial survival, where low risk attitudes characterize more risk averse and high risk attitudes indicate less risk averse persons. Recent research by Baron (2004) and K ¨ollinger et al (2007) provides further explanations for why particularly risk-seeking entrepreneurs might decide to start a business venture, even if low or even negative outcomes may arise with relatively high probability. Leadership- According to Graen and Scandura(1987) Leadership is broadly viewed as an interactive process, dependent upon both leaders and followers . and an entrepreneur is often described as a leader who must define a vision of what is possible and attract people to rally around that vision and transform it into reality (Kao, 1989). Hence, it is argued that there is interconnection between entrepreneurship and leadership (Jensen and Luthans, 2006) and to be successful entrepreneurs must possess leadership skills (Colbert, 2003).A leader has to be Entrepreneur aswell.It has been written that Entrepreneurial leadership deals with concepts and ideas,which are related to problems that are not of an organisational nature ( EL-Namaki 1992). Hinterhuber and Krauthammer (1998) assert that in todays turbulent environment, which demands not only continual innovation but radical improvements in all stakeholders satisfaction, leadership is more critical than ever for entrepreneurs. Author agin states that leadership stands onthree pillars: (1) Envisioning (2) Being an example and (3) Increasing the value of the firm Avolio et al (2004) provided a theory driven Framework for Studying Entrepreneur as a leader, with the focus on experience, self regulatory process, and leader behaviour The above theory explores that how a entrepreneur leadership can positively linked to the organisation commitment, satisfaction of the job, happiness to his/her employees. Rhoades et al(2001) add on that when employees are treated in a fair and caring manner, they become more committed towards the organisation ,and more likely to have positive attitude. Confidence- Confidence is the key to success for any individual. Very few Entrepreneur need to have important skills, out of which confidence is very vital. Confidence helps entrepreneur to convert an idea into Business success. According to Wilson et al., (2007) self confidence is based on the abilities and perception of the skills rather than objective ability. But Global Entrepreneurship Monitor(GEM) found that there is difference between the level of self confidence ability to believe in an entrepreneurs non-entrepreneurs. Minniti et al., 2004) also supports the idea of GEM that there is difference between the level of confidence in an Entrepreneur. Boyd and Vozikiss theory of intentionality helps us understand the role of confidence here too. They argue that self-efficacy not only positively influences intention, but that it also influences the transformation of intention into action (Boyd and Vozikis, 1994).While many entrepreneurs may have a clear intention to start a busine ss, not all do, and one of the things which predicts entrepreneurial action (i.e. launch) is self-efficacy. High confidence promotes a go-ahead spirit that can lead to success amid such uncertainty (Bazerman,1998) On the other hand Forbes (2005) states that the Entrepreneur who found their own business are more over confident than those who dint. According to Griffin and Varey, (1996) ,over confident is treated as situation specific. He means that the individual who is overconfident in one task might not be in second one. Gist and Mitchell (1992) Social cognitive theory tells us that self-efficacy, an assessment of ones confidence, is situation specific and implemented to the particular tasks rather than a general state of being. The real power to attract money comes from our own self-reliance, determination, and will; not from any dependence on anothers help and support. The power to attract money comes from the psychological viewpoint that I am the ultimate determinant of my fate. One of the reasons for Americas founding and continuous success was that her people were dedicated to self-reliance. Casson, M. (1982). The Entrepreneur: And Economic Theory. Oxford: Martin Robertson. Caird, S. (1988). A Review of Methods of Measuring Enterprising Attributes. Durham: Durham University Business School. Davidsson, P. (1989). Continued Entrepreneurship and Small Firm Business. Stockholm: Stockholm School of Economics Bellu, R.R. (1988). Entrepreneurs and managers: are they different? In Reynolds, P.D., Birley, S., Butler, J.E., Bygrave, W.D., Bird, B. (1992). The operation of intentions intime : the emergence of new venture. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 17 (1), 11-20 Brockhaus, R H. (1982). The psychology of the entrepreneur, hi Kent, C. A., Sexton, D. and Vesper. K. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Entrepreneurship (pp. 39-56). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. McClelland, D.C. (1961), The Achieving Society. Princeton, NJ: Van Norstrand Co Opportunity-According to Shane et al (2000) The major task of entrepreneur is to find out and utilize oppurtunities Risk taking Capability- according to REFERENCES FOR BIT 1 Baskerville, R.F. 2003. Hofstede Never Studied Culture. Accounting, Organizations and Society 28(1):1-14 North, D.C. 1990. Institutions, Institutional Change, and Economic Performance. New York: Norton. Shane, S. 1994. The Effect of National Culture on the Choice between Licensing and Direct Foreign Investment. Strategic Management Journal 15:627-642. Brà ¼derl, J., Preisendorfer, P., Ziegler., R., (1992), Survival Chances of Newly Founded Organizations,American Sociological Review, Vol: 57, 227-242 Hambrick, D. C., Mason, P. A., (1984), Upper echelons: the organization as a reflection of its top managers,Academy of Management Review, Vol. 9, no. 2, 193-206 Barker, V. L., III, Mueller, G.C., (2002), CEO characteristics and firm RD spending, Management Science, Vol. 48, no. 6, 782-801 Hadjimanolis, A., (2000), A resource based view of innovativeness in small firms. Technology Analysis Strategic Management, Vol. 12, no. 2, 263-28 Shane, S. and Venkataraman, S. (2000). The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research. Academy of Management Review, 25, 217-26 Shane, S. (2000), Prior knowledge and the discovery of entrepreneurial opportunities, Organization Science, Vol. 11, pp. 217-26. Ucbasaran, D., Westhead, P., Wright, M. and Binks, M. (2003), Does entrepreneurial experience influence opportunity identification?, The Journal of Private Equity, Vol. 7, pp. 7-14. Davidsson, P. and Honig, B. (2003), The role of social and human capital among nascent entrepreneurs, Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 18, pp. 301-31. Starr, J.A. and Bygrave, W.D. (1992), The second time around: the outcomes, assets, and liabilities of prior start-up experience, in Birley, S. and MacMillan, I.C. (Eds), International Perspectives on Entrepreneurship Research 1991: Proceedings of the First Annual Global Conference on Entrepreneurship Research, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 340-63. Vernon -wortzel, H. Wortzel, L. (1997) strategic management in Global economy, John wiley, New York, NY Schultz, T.(1975) The value of the ability to deal with disequlibria. Journal of economic literature, 13,827-846 McgrathMacMillan(2000) The Entrepreneurial Mindset. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. Caliendo et al., 2009 M. Caliendo, F. Fossen and A. Kritikos, Risk attitudes of nascent entrepreneurs: new evidence from an experimentally-validated survey, Small Business Economics 32 (2) (2009), pp. 153-167 Cramer et al., 2002 J. Cramer, J. Hartog, N. Jonker and C. Van Praag, Low risk aversion encourages the choice for entrepreneurship: an empirical test of a truism, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 48 (2002), pp. 29-3 Grable, J., Lytton, R. H. (998). Investor risk tolerance: Testing the efficacy of demographics as differentiating and classifying factors. Financial Counseling and Planning, 9(1),61-73 Caird, S. (1988). A Review of Methods of Measuring Enterprising Attributes. Durham: Durham University Business School. Chell, E., J. Harworth, and S. Brearley (1991). The search for entrepreneurialtraits. In E. Chell, J. Harworth, and S. Brearley (Eds.), The EntrepreneurialPersonality: Concepts, Cases and Categories, Routledge Small Business Series,pp. 29-53. London: Thomson Learning Baron, R. (2004). The cognitive perspective: A valuable tool for answering entrepreneurships basic why questions. Journal of Business Venturing 19, 221-240. K ¨ollinger, P., M. Minniti, and C. Schade (2007). I think I can, I think I can: Overconfidence and entrepreneurial behavior. Journal of Economic Psychology 28 (4),502-527. Gifford, S. (2003). Risk and uncertainty. In Z. Acs D. Audretsch (Eds.), Handbook of entrepreneurship research:An interdisciplinary survey and introduction (pp. 37-52).Kluwer Academic Publishers. Rauch, A., Frese, M. (2000). Psychological approaches to entrepreneurial success: A general model and an overview of findings. In C. Cooper I. Robertson (Eds.), International review of industrial and organizational psychology (pp. 101-142). Wiley. Kauer, D., Waldeck, T.C. and Schaffer, U. (2007), Effects of top managerial team characteristics on strategic decision making, Management Decision, Vol. 45 No. 6, pp. 942-67. Miller, D.Dorge, C.and Toulouse, J.M. (1988), Strategeic process and content as mediators between organization, Acadamy of Managemt journal, Vol. 31 No. 3, pp. 544-569. McClelland, 1990. D.C. McClelland, Human motivation. , Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1990) Gartner, W.B., Bird, B.J. and Starr, J.A. (1992), Acting as if: differentiating entrepreneurial from organizational behavior, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Spring, pp. 13-31. Kao, R.W.Y. (1989), Entrepreneurship and Enterprise Development, Holt, Rinehart Winston of Canada, Toronto Jensen, S.M. and Luthans, F. (2006), Entrepreneurs as authentic leaders: impact on employees attitudes, Leadership Organization Development Journal, Vol. 27 No. 8, pp. 646-66. Colbert, F. (2003), Entrepreneurship and leadership in marketing the arts, International Journal of Arts Management, Vol. 6 No. 1, pp. 30-9. Avolio, B.J. and Luthans, F. (2006), The High Impact Leader: Moments Matter in Accelerating Authentic Leadership Development, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY. Rhoades, L., Eisenberger, R. and Armeli, S. (2001), Affective commitment to the organization:the contribution of perceived organizational support, Journal of Applied Psychology,Vol. 86, pp. 825-6 Hinterhuber, H.H. and Krauthammer, E. (1998), The leadership wheel: the tasks entrepreneurs and senior executives cannot delegate, Strategic Change, Vol. 7, pp. 149-62 Wilson, F., Kickul, J. and Marlino, D. (2007), Gender, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and entrepreneurial career intentions: implications for entrepreneurship education, Entrepreneurship Theory Practice, Vol. 31 No. 3, pp. 387-406 Minniti, M., Arenius, P. and Langowitz, N. (2004), Global Entrepreneurship Monitor: 2004 Report on Women and Entrepreneurship, The Center for Womens Leadership at Babson College,Babson Park, MA Forbes, D.P. (2005), Are some entrepreneurs more overconfident than others?, Journalof Business Venturing, Vol. 20 No. 5, pp. 623-40. Gist, M.E. and Mitchell, T.R. (1992), Self-efficacy: a theoretical analysis of its determinants and malleability, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 17 No. 2, pp. 183-211. Griffin, D.W. and Varey, C.A. (1996), Towards a consensus on overconfidence, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Vol. 65 No. 3, p. 227 Bazerman, M.H. (1998), Judgement in Managerial Decision-making, John Wiley Sons, NewYork, NY Boyd, N.G. and Vozikis, G.S. (1994), The influence of self-efficacy on the development ofentrepreneurial intentions and actions, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol. 18 No. 4, pp. 63-77

Womens Sinister Roles in Shakespeares Macbeth :: Free Essay Writer

Women's Sinister Roles in Macbeth      Ã‚  Ã‚   In reading Shakespeare's tragic drama Macbeth, one meets only one good woman - Lady Macduff. The remaining female characters are basically evil. Let's consider mainly Lady Macduff and only briefly the three witches.    Blanche Coles states in Shakespeare's Four Giants that Macbeth's wife had considerable leverage over her husband's mind:    This was her opportunity to do as she had promised herself she would do after she had read the letter - to pour her spirits into his ear, to chasten with the valor of her tongue all that might impede him from the golden crown. We may be sure she took this opportunity to use all her monstrous powers of persuasion. Thus he goaded himself, or was goaded by his wife, into searing the terrible oath, whether he had any clear purpose of keeping it or not. (48-49)    In his book, On the Design of Shakespearean Tragedy, H. S. Wilson mentions the very wife-like manner in which the queen fulfilled her essential role in the tragedy:    It requires an extraordinary exertion of will and persuasion from Lady Macbeth to strengthen his wavering purpose. Professor Kittredge used to point out to his classes that Lady Macbeth, in urging Macbeth to act, uses the three arguments that every wife, some time or other, uses to every husband: "You promised me you'd do it!" "You'd do it if you loved me!" "If I were a man, I'd do it myself!" But Macbeth's mind is made up by her assurance that they may do it safely by fixing the guilt upon Duncan's chamberlains. (72)    In Fools of Time: Studies in Shakespearean Tragedy, Northrop Frye shows that a lady is the actual driving force in the play:    That Macbeth is being hurried into a premature act by his wife is a point unlikely to escape the most listless member of the audience, but Macbeth comes to regret the instant of fatal delay in murdering Macduff, and draws the moral that    The flighty purpose never is o'ertook Unless the deed go with it. From this moment The very firstlings of my heart shall be The firstlings of my hand.    That is, in future he will try to attain the successful ruler's spontaneous rhythm of action. (91)    L.C. Knights in the essay "Macbeth" describes the unnaturalness in the thoughts and words of the plays dominant female force, Lady Macbeth:

Immoral Greed †War and Morality

I am writing to you today because I want to express to you my ideas on morality and war. Morality is an ideal that can be defined as doing what is right, from a philosophical perspective, regardless of the potential consequences of taking action. Although morality is simple to define, what is moral to one person may be immoral to another, making morality entirely subjective when it comes to real problems. Political, societal, and religious influences are just a few inputs that can affect whether a person sees a particular situation as either moral or immoral. Morality is entirely relative, and can change based on the situation. One of the most controversial issues, as morality is concerned, is that of war. While war is a necessary evil, political influences and the need for power make war a potential immoral action when it is not done for the betterment of a nation or society. The motives of a nation that goes to war are one of the most controversial when it comes to the issues of morality. A nation can become involved in a violent interaction for many reasons, and the morality of the war can be based on these reasons. Some wars are fueled by power hungry politicians, while others are waged on religious or societal beliefs and impressions. The issue of morality and war is covered in Jimmy Carter’s, â€Å"Just War – or a Just War?† and Martin Luther King, Jr.’s, â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail†. First, I believe that in order for a war to be a moral war, all non-violent options must be exercised. In Jimmy Carter’s op-ed piece, entitled â€Å"Just War – or a Just War?†, Mr. Carter makes the observation that â€Å"†¦ war can be waged only as a last resort† (Carter 260). Before a war is waged, a nation’s leaders should exhaust any diplomatic means of resolving the differences they have with their foes. In some governments, hunger for power, rather than acting on a threat, causes war to be waged at the drop of a hat. In the current war in Iraq, there is much controversy over whether the United States declared war on Iraq because it was a last resort, or because the U.S. was hungry for power, and wanted to exert its influence over the Iraqi people. This element of war is further corroborated in Martin Luther King, Jr.’s , â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail†. At the height of racial tension in the South, King writes, â€Å"†¦ the city’s white power structure left the Negro community with no alternative† (King, Jr. 164). This reflects that not only can war be waged between nations, it can also be waged in a different sense, among a nation. Mr. King also outlines four steps in resolving conflicts in a non-violent manner, â€Å"†¦ collection of the facts to determine whether injustices exist; negotiation; self-purification; and direct action† (King, Jr. 164). It is important to note that the final step in this outline is direct action. In the same way that problems between nations must be resolved, tensions among a nation must also be resolved, and these attempts at a resolution must be made in a diplomatic way if possible before war is waged. Secondly, I believe that a moral war must consist of actions that are equivalent to those actions taken against the nation. Although the consequences of war, such as death and destruction, are inevitable, Carter also notes that, â€Å"Its violence must be proportional to the injury we have suffered† (Carter 260). To lash out at a weaker nation simply because of differing ideals is not an acceptable cause for war. However, to react to a threat or aggressive acts, is an acceptable cause to wage a war. Many times, governments are hungry for power and will go to war for any reason, simply to exert their power and influence over other countries, thus extending their influence across the nations. For example, the war that the United States has waged against Iraq is a questionable one when it comes to this element. Carter notes that the â€Å"†¦ efforts to tie Iraq to the 9/11 terrorist attacks have been unconvincing† (Carter 260). Although Saddam Hussein’s rule over his people may have been cruel and murderous, the United States did not have the evidence they should have had linking Iraq to the Twin Towers incident in order to justify declaring war. In this sense, the current war may not be moral, as the United States acted out of proportion to any actions Iraq took against us. The idea of any retaliation against or among a nation being based only on injuries suffered, is furthered in Mr. King’s observations. In Martin Luther King, Jr.’s, â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail†, he notes that â€Å"we have not made a single gain in civil rights without determined legal and nonviolent pressure† (King, Jr. 166). Because the injuries suffered by the African American public in the South were not of a physical nature, but rather a political nature, Mr. King reiterates that with consistent pressure from the African American community in a non-violent manner, they have been able to make progress in obtaining civil rights. It is important to note Mr. King’s emphasis on the necessity of determination in bringing about any amount of change to the African American community. To resolve the conflict in the South between races, it took many years of protesting and non-violent measures, and if the African American population had not been determined to bringing about a non-violent end to their struggle, the changes that took place may have never occurred. Finally, I believe that a war can only be considered to be moral if the outcome of the war is a significant improvement over the nation that existed prior to the conflict. Carter notes that in order for a war to be just, â€Å"The peace it establishes must be a clear improvement over what exists† (Carter 260). In essence, the aftermath of the war must create a sense of peace that is much improved over what had previously existed within the nation – if it does not, the war was ultimately in vain. These elements are apparent in the current war that the United States is waging in Iraq. The United States has gone to war with Iraq, perhaps with the best of intentions for the Iraqi people, but only chaos and destruction have ensued. The peace of the nation of Iraq has not been much improved over what was previously in place. Martin Luther King, Jr. touches on the idea of acceptable moral reasons for demanding changes, as well. Mr. King writes, â€Å"Thus it is that I can urge men to obey the 1954 decision of the Supreme Court, for it is morally right; and I can urge them to disobey segregation ordinances, for they are morally wrong† (King, Jr. 168). In both Carter and King’s writing, it is well noted that peace is the ultimate goal of any conflict, whether it be between nations or among one nation. In conclusion, morality is a subjective ideal that is a contributor to conflicts both between nations and among one nation. War is necessary, but can be based on political, religious, or societal pressures of a nation. War can be perpetuated by political greed, or religious and societal reasons. It is important for a nation to make a valiant attempt to diplomatically resolve their conflicts with other nations or among their own nation before waging war. The morality of waging war is one of the most controversial issues nations face, whether it be with other nations or in dealing with conflicts among their own nation. Works Cited Carter, Jimmy. â€Å"Just War – or a Just War?† The Presence of Others: voices and images that call for response. Andrea Lunsford and John Ruszkiewicz. Boston: Bedford, 2004. 259-261. King, Jr., Martin L. â€Å"Letter From Birmingham Jail†. The Presence of Others: voices and images that call for response. Andrea Lunsford and John Ruszkiewicz. Boston: Bedford, 2004. 163-176.

Kant VS Mill

Immanuel Kant was born in April 1724 to a craftsman named Johann George Kant and Anna Regina Porter (Bennagen, 2000). He was trained more in Latin and Religion subjects as compared with science and mathematics consequently forming his concepts and ideas with regards to moral philosophy technically referred to as ‘deontology’ which actually reiterates that an act should only be carried out based on the an individuals’ responsibilities (Bennagen, 2000).John Stuart MillJohn Stuart Mill was born in May 1906 to Harriet Barrow and a well known philosopher, James Mill (Bennagen, 2000). Being exposed to Greek when he was only three years old, Latin when he was eight, he was extremely brilliant, so intelligent that he acquired Greek Literature, Philosophy, Chemistry, Botany, Psychology and law before he turned eighteen years old (Bennagen, 2000).Furthermore, he is accountable for systematically putting together the utilitarian thoughts/concepts/ideas of his father and his father’s friend Jeremy Bentham (Bennagen, 2000). This is where Jeremy Bentham argues and reiterates that actions are correct only if they are inclined to bring into being the utmost happiness for the greatest number of people (Bennagen, 2000). This is simply because advocates of utilitarianism believe that happiness is the main criteria for doing something right or wrong, meaning if something is done and pleasure resulted from it then it is right, however, if pain was brought about from it then surely, it is wrong (Bennagen, 2000).Major Similarities in their Ethical SystemImmanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill’ ethical systems have similarities and these are the following:In act utilitarianism, laws are not taken into consideration as long as the act is said to have brought about happiness to most individuals then it is right (Bennagen, 2000). The same is true with deontology wherein duty is the basis for a right act which means that even if it means breaking the law just as long as the responsibility is fulfilled then the act is definitely right (Bennagen, 2000).  In addition, both cannot always be utilized as a guide to morals (Bennagen, 2000). There are several cases where a decision made based on utilitarianism or deontology fails (Bennagen, 2000).Major Differences in their Ethical SystemThere are differences between the ethical systems of Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill and some of these are the following:In terms of goal, Immanuel Kant’s deontological theory’s goal is to fulfill a certain duty, whereas, John Stuart Mill’s utilitarianism’s goal is to achieve happiness (Bennagen, 2000). This is clearly evident in the definition of the deontological theory which says that individuals ought to stick to their responsibilities in evaluating a moral quandary (Bennagen, 2000). Same is true with the technical definition of utilitarianism where it states that, in an assessment of an ethical issue, the alternative that wil l result in the greatest happiness to the most number of people is the option that is ethically right (Bennagen, 2000).Also, rule utilitarianism considers the law and fairness in finally making an act which is said to be right (Bennagen, 2000). Here, an individual who is about to make an act seriously thinks about making the most number of individuals experience pleasure through fair and just means (Bennagen, 2000). Furthermore, it gives importance to justice, as well as, beneficence (Bennagen, 2000). By justice here, we mean, that everyone involved in the situation are treated fairly, on the other hand, by beneficence, we mean, doing what is good, in opposition to what is evil (Bennagen, 2000). The aforementioned defies deontology in such a way that it does not involve justice and beneficence in it, rather it only focuses on fulfilling the ‘duty’, whether or not it is fair or just to everybody involved (Bennagen, 2000).Major Criticisms for Kant’s TheoryThere are also criticisms for Kant’s Theory and some of these are the following:First of all, since deontology is all about sticking to responsibilities, its rationale or logic is being questioned for it (Bennagen, 2000). For instance, how will individual duties would be defined (Bennagen, 2000)? If for example, if personally I consider my family as my first priority every time and it so happened that I am being called by my supervisor for an urgent or emergency meeting, would it be considered not doing my duty if I go to this emergency meeting that my supervisor has ordered (Bennagen, 2000). Another example is the fact that, citizens have to maintain a certain driving speed, however, an individual is running late for a qualifying exam in medicine, which is a make or break exam for him, would it be considered as not doing his duty if he went a little speedy just to make it to his exam, which is a personal duty for him in the first place. Very clearly, through the aforementioned exampl es, there are no limits or boundaries to this so called duty making it critical, even questionable, as an ethical theory (Bennagen, 2000).Secondly, obviously it is not extremely useful or helpful in making decisions since it is not applicable in all situations, as seen in the examples above (Bennagen, 2000).Last but not least, it is also being criticized because of its self-centeredness simply because it does not really consider the well-being of others (Bennagen, 2000). Going back to the aforementioned examples, it shows that deontology tends to take a certain side wherein the other side not chosen is left unprotected in terms of its welfare (Bennagen, 2000).Major Criticisms for Mills’ TheoryThe criticisms for utilitarianism include the following:First of all, in making a decision using the utilitarianism, it does not always achieve its goal of the experience of the utmost number of people of the greatest pleasure (Bennagen, 2000). If the head of the family decide to unleash his dog in his yard at night to make sure that no one will jump over his fence and to make sure untoward incidences in his home are avoided which may consequently hurt his family, but unfortunately the dog got out of his yard and went over the neighbor’s yard and destroyed the flowers in the garden (Bennagen, 2000)? This means that instead of his family being happy being they were well guarded, other people were terribly disappointed, disturbed, and definitely did not experience happiness as should be the outcome of utilizing utilitarianism as a technique in making ethical decisions (Bennagen, 2000).Secondly, many people criticize utilitarianism for its inadequacy of common sense (Bennagen, 2000). For example, would you give up the one you really love just because your best friend loves him too and for the reason that your family does not like him for you (Bennagen, 2000)? Your best friend will turn out happy and so will your family which complies with the technical definiti on of utilitarianism involving utmost happiness experienced by the greatest number of individuals (Bennagen, 2000). The questions however are ‘what about you’, ‘where is the common sense in that’, and ‘is selflessness common sense’ (Bennagen, 2000)?Thirdly, happiness is undefined here in utilitarianism (Bennagen, 2000). For example, a customer service representative at a certain company has been reported to be sleeping on the job (Bennagen, 2000). Utilizing utilitarianism, the act has been carried out: 1) to correct the mistake of the customer service representative; 2) to serve better more consumers; and 3) to improve the company’s services and be appreciated by more clients (Bennagen, 2000). This may result in happiness for the consumers and the management; however typically, this will not bring in pleasure to the customer service representative being complained about (Bennagen, 2006). This only proves that an act may not always bring in happiness through the use of utilitarianism in carrying out an act (Bennagen, 2000).Last but not least, utilitarianism is being questioned because it violates human rights (Bennagen, 2000). For example, if a Bill is submitted by a minority group leader to be passed as a Law, and will not qualify as a Law simply because majority did not vote for it, then this may jeopardize the rights and happiness of the so called minority groups (Bennagen, 2000). This then may also be justified as an act which is right since happiness is being experienced by the most number of individuals though several people are suffering as well (Bennagen, 2000).ReferenceBennagen, P. (2000). Social Economic and Political Thought. Quezon City: UPOU

A critical review of Modern History Source book by Macauley

A critical review of Modern History Source book by Macauley Introduction In the modern history source book, Thomas Macauley talks about the reign of Thomas Cromwell’s during his tenure as a commissioner of the army. Macauley’s presentation is in the form of an essay in which he argues and analyses historical events that transpired when Cromwell was in power. This review circulates around the arguments and evaluates the quality of Macauley’s writing with a keen focus on the weaknesses of the story (Macauley. 1880).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on A critical review of Modern History Source book by Macauley specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Summary This section is made up of Macauley’s narration on how Cromwell established and controlled his army. Macauley starts his story by stating the kind of parliaments in existence. He further describes the kind of men who are in power and the diverse moral grounds on which they base their leadership. He says that those men were in an independent religion. Macauley further describes Oliver Cromwell’s achievements. He says that Cromwell was more than forty years old when he agreed to become one of the commissioners in the parliamentary army. Cromwell is the center of attention when his party becomes powerful. This is depicted when he noticed the weaknesses and strengths of royalists and came up with strategies to counter them. He redesigned his army and recruited God fearing members for public liberty. The writer says that Cromwell’s ability came to surface in the year 1644 in Essex’s southern region where he became a victor. He managed to head an entire army and dismissed Essex from power. Moreover, Macauley terms Cromwell’s army as a different breed from Essex soldiers. Macauley further narrates that soldiers who are supposed to form army parliaments should be at liberty to make resolutions for the states. Thus, becoming the most fearful and worst force in the re gion. â€Å"Cromwell’s army had some level of morality and God’s fear that encompassed all the ranks,† says the writer. He continues to say that there were no visible oaths, neither drinking of alcohol, adultery nor gambling in their camps. The only observed weakness in Cromwell’s leadership was the act of restraining his army from invading pulpits owned by ministers in cathedrals. Evaluation This part is made up of an evaluation of the writer’s story. Macauley narrates about ancient leadership in Europe that revolves around Cromwell Oliver. He describes all the events that led to Cromwell’s rise and his entire reign. Moreover, the writer points out the most crucial activities that took place in during Cromwell’s leadership.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Macauley is biased in his story. It is obvious that any legend that happe ned to lead a people must have a fall. Cromwell’s success dominates the story as the writer does not state how his reign came to an end. In addition, there are many leaders in the story other than Cromwell, but there is no point where the writer states how these leaders challenged Cromwell in wars. He only explains how Cromwell defeated them (Macauley. 1880). Finally, Macauley is too verbose and technical in writing. This makes it difficult for an average reader to comprehend. For instance, he states, â€Å"The ecclesiastical polity of the kingdom was remodeled† (p.90). This statement has a technical term thus it makes it hard for an average reader to understand it. Such readers might get frustrated when trying to find the authors meaning. These are some of Macauley’s weaknesses. In conclusion, the review has evaluated the Modern History Source book by Thomas Macauley. The writer does a wonderful writing work that illustrates the ancient political events in Crom well’s leadership. However, his narration is filled with biasness and the use of technical terms that are not easily understandable (Macauley. 1880). Bibliography Macauley, Thomas B. â€Å"History of England† Accession of King James II (1880):90-95.

Jane Fonda Essays - Counterculture Of The 1960s, Free Essays

Jane Fonda Essays - Counterculture Of The 1960s, Free Essays Jane Fonda Who is Jane Fonda? This is a question often asked by many people with no one right answer. She is an actress, a fitness guru, a former communist sympathizer, and most importantly, an antiwar activist during the Vietnam War. Although Jane Fonda was honored as one of the 100 Women of the Century, her infamous name is one Vietnam veterans will never forget. As American soldiers were losing their lives, she traveled into enemy-territory, defaming American POWs, many of whom were tortured to death. Jane Fonda, a revolutionary woman whose efforts not only demoralized American servicemen but also created a personal war that would last a lifetime, mixed politics with film to make her an infamous legend. Born into a family of wealth, Jane Fonda evolved from a distinguished actress to one of the most controversial figures in Hollywood. Descending from prominent figures in history, including Samuel Adams and Jane Seymour, Fonda grew up with very little parental love and attention. Her father, actor Henry Fonda, rarely saw his daughter except for the occasional publicity photo-shoot. Her brother, Peter Fonda, and Jane spent most of their childhood at numerous boarding schools. The beginnings of Fondas passion for communism can be ascribed to her early boarding school in Paris, where she befriended French communists and Vietcong representatives assigned in Paris (Mraffin 1). Back in the United States, Jane made numerous theatrical appearances with her father. Developing her own fame, Jane began to take on numerous risque films, her most famous being Barbarella. Tired of her sex kitten roles and appearance, Jane took on a more serious role, titled They Shoot Horses Dont They? and also dev eloped an interest in politics. Jane watched women leading marches, women getting beaten up, women walking up to bayonets, and they were not afraid. That experience completely changed her, and it began her searching for what was behind it all (Andersen 171). March 8,1970, marked Janes first entry into the world of militant protest. Jane, a strong advocate of Coffee houses, or hangouts where servicemen could get a taste of antiwar propaganda and some coffee, was also drawn to the Black Panthers, the feminist movement, the plight of the American Indian, welfare mothers, and the farm movement. Jane decided that because of the success of my films, I have more power-and I intend to use it (Andersen 169) and the best way to tackle all these issues was by way of a cross country tour. Using her acting fame, Jane obtained appearances on TV talk shows, and became a feature speaker at numerous college campuses, leading countless anti-war demonstrations. Her speeches could be summarized by her statement on November 22, 1970: I would think if you understood what communism was, you would pray on your knees that you would someday become Communists (Mraffin 1). While traveling across country, Jane dropped in on Indian reservations, army bases, and G.I. coffeehouses, hoping to convert nonbelievers. Whenever Jane spoke at a Coffeehouse, she was speaking to the convertedmostly disillusioned draftees, rearing no more then a few thousand spread across the country, a small fraction of the nations fighting force (Andersen...). Within time though, Janes interest in everything but the Vietnam war diminished. No longer content with spreading her radicalism within the home ranks, Fonda decided to trade her glamorous attire in for a pair of Ho Chi Minh sandals, and Vietcong pajamas. She left for her two week stay in North Vietnam on July 8, 1972. Jane, with several cameras slung around her neck, was led on a tour of bombed-out hospitals, schools, factories, villages, and dikes. The devastation left Jane shaken, but not enough to stop her from doing some morale boosting for the enemy. It was then that Jane climbed aboard a North Vietnamese anti-aircraft gun, used to shoot American men, and peered through the gun sight looking for one of those blue eyed murderers (Sampley 1). Still, if She had stopped then, and returned home, her trip may have soon been forgotten. Instead, Fonda volunteered to make a series of ten propaganda broadcasts over Radio Hanoi, designed to demoralize American servicemen while encouraging the North Vietnamese to fight harder and kill more Americans. The broadcasts, al ong with

Engineer of the Brooklyn Bridge Washington A. Roebling

Engineer of the Brooklyn Bridge Washington A. Roebling Washington A. Roebling served as the chief engineer of the Brooklyn Bridge during 14 years of construction. During that time he coped with the tragic death of his father, John Roebling, who had designed the bridge and also overcame serious health problems caused by his own work at the construction site. With legendary determination, Roebling, confined to his house in Brooklyn Heights, directed the work on the bridge from  a distance, watching progress through a telescope. He trained his wife, Emily Roebling, in engineering and she would relay his orders when she visited the bridge nearly every morning during its final years of construction. Fast Facts: Washington Roebling Born: May 26, 1837, in Saxonburg, Pennsylvania.Died: July 21, 1926, in Camden, New Jersey.Accomplishments: Trained as an engineer, served as an officer in the Union Army, with his father worked designing and building revolutionary suspension bridges.Best known for: Overcame injuries, and with the help of his wife Emily Roebling, built the Brooklyn Bridge, which had been designed by his father, John A. Roebling. As work on the enormous bridge progressed, rumors swirled about the condition of Colonel Roebling, as he was generally known to the public.  At various times the public believed he was entirely incapacitated or had even gone insane. When the Brooklyn Bridge  finally opened to the public in 1883, suspicions were raised when Roebling did not attend the enormous celebrations. Yet despite the  nearly constant talk about his frail health and rumors of mental incapacity, Roebling lived to the age of 89. When he died in Trenton, New Jersey, in  1926, an obituary published in the New York Times shut down many of the rumors. The article, published on July 22, 1926, said that in his final years Roebling was healthy enough to enjoy riding the streetcar from his mansion to the wire mill his family owned and operated. Roebling's Early Life Washington Augustus Roebling was born May 26, 1837, in Saxonburg, Pennsylvania, a town founded by a group of German immigrants which included his father, John Roebling. The elder Roebling was a brilliant engineer who went into the wire rope business in Trenton, New Jersey. After attending schools in Trenton, Washington Roebling attended Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and received a degree as a civil engineer. He began working for his fathers business and learned about bridge building, a field in which his father was gaining prominence. Within days of the bombardment of Fort Sumter in April 1861, Roebling enlisted in the Union Army. He served as a military engineer in the Army of the Potomac. At the Battle of Gettysburg Roebling was instrumental in getting artillery pieces to the top of Little Round Top on July 2, 1863. His quick thinking and careful work helped fortify the hill and secure the Union line at a desperate time in the battle. During the war, Roebling designed and built bridges for the Army. At the  wars end, he returned to working with his father. In the late 1860s, he became involved in a grandly ambitious project thought by many to be impossible: building a bridge across the East River, from Manhattan to Brooklyn. Chief Engineer of the Brooklyn Bridge John Roebling, the designer of the Brooklyn Bridge, severely injured his foot in a freak accident while the site of the bridge was being surveyed in 1869. He died of an infection before any major work had started on the bridge. The massive project amounted to a collection of plans and drawings, and it fell to his son to make his vision a reality.   While the elder Roebling was always credited for creating the vision for what was known as The Great Bridge, he had not prepared detailed plans before his death. So his son was responsible for virtually all the details of the bridges construction. And, as the bridge was not like any other construction project ever attempted, Roebling had to find ways to overcome endless obstacles. He obsessed over the work and fixated on every detail of construction. During one of his  visits to the underwater caisson, the chamber in which men dug at the river bottom while breathing compressed air, Roebling was stricken. He ascended to the surface too quickly, and suffered from the bends. By the end of 1872 Roebling was essentially confined to his house. For a decade he oversaw construction, though at least one official investigation sought to determine if he was still competent to direct such a massive project. His wife Emily would visit the work site nearly every day, relaying orders from Roebling. Emily, by working closely with her husband, essentially became an engineer herself.   After the successful opening of the bridge in 1883, Roebling and his wife eventually moved to Trenton, New Jersey. There were still many questions about his health, but he actually outlived his wife by 20 years. When he died on July 21, 1926, at the age of 89, he was remembered for his work making the Brooklyn Bridge a reality.

Breast Cancer Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Breast Cancer - Research Paper Example The risk of breast cancer increases with her age. A family history also enhances risk of breast cancer. It is pertinent to notice that in 1970s, the risk of breast cancer was less than 10 percent that increased to almost 12 percent in 2005 increasing further to 12.4 percent in 2007. As per the current findings, risk of breast cancer at age 30 is 1 in 227 that increases to 1 in 42 at age 50 and further increases to 1 in 26 at age 70. Thus, age is the largest risk factor of breast cancer. Genetic changes in genes such as BRCA1 and BRCA2 are also responsible for occurring breast cancer (National Cancer Institute, 2014). Breast cancer does not have any noticeable symptoms in its initial stage. Lumps or swelling may be noticed in some cases though such symptoms are also found in non-cancerous condition. Routine monthly breast self-exam is suggested by health experts to detect any abnormality in the breasts. Annual mammogram is recommended for a woman having crossed age 40. Early diagnosis always helps to treat the patient completely. Patient evaluation is done following the diagnosis of breast cancer. Selection of therapy will depend upon the stage of disease, the age and menopausal status, the PR and ER status report of the tumor, proliferative capacity of the tumor. Breast cancer is treated by combination of one or several therapies such as radiation therapy, chemotherapy or hormone therapy (National Cancer Institute, 2014). Being physically active, maintaining a proper weight and limiting alcohol intake reduces risk of breast cancer. Regular screening is essential to prevent breast cancer reaching to an advanced stage (American Cancer Society (2013). If statistics is to be believed, breast cancer is certainly on rise in last few decades. So far, medical science is unable to understand the real causes behind breast cancer. It is fully curable when detected early and for that annual screening after age 40 is

The Forest of Hands and Teeth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Forest of Hands and Teeth - Essay Example The people of the village are controlled by fear of the Unconsecrated who continually try to infiltrate the village in order to satisfy their need for human flesh. The villagers live with the constant fear that the village could be breached at any time and they all would be infected which would turn the village into a world of zombies. Every day life is ruled by this fear, for instance, those villagers who were not of the Guard had to stay away from the fences in case of being bitten. Thus, it can be said that this fear was a form of social control; for, it forced the villagers to live in a certain way and adhere to certain rules. The villagers have limited options as what to do with their lives. Mary explains that â€Å"In my village an unmarried woman has three choices. She may live with her family; a man may speak for her, court her through the winter and marry her in the spring ceremonies; or she may join the Sisterhood.† The only real option the men have is to join the gu ard which patrols the fences, ensuring that no unconsecrated breach them. These options leave no room for free will and places duty above any personal wishes. These restrictions show how the villagers are obliged to live within these restrictions which tightly control their social lives. Ryan seems to be pointing at those social structures which limit our choices and free will. For instance, it is the common belief that has been passed down over generations that it is a woman’s duty to marry and have children. The Sisterhood of the village which is the religious mothers of the village so to speak also practices social control over the villagers. The Sisters believe in religious order, and tell the villagers that they are the only humans left on earth. Therefore, they are to protect their society whatever the cost, even if it means killing a loved one who has become infected. They also enforce the belief that God’s word is not to be questioned. On each door in the villa ge, a scripture is carved into the right of the door. Before, anyone is to enter or leave a building they have to place their hand on the scripture. Mary tells us that â€Å"It is our habit and duty to press a hand against these words†, demonstrating how easy it is to simply obey and get caught up in social control. The sisters have taught that this practice will protect the villagers and make God aid them. Whereas, if they do not follow these religious practices, God’s wrath would descend on the village. When Mary is forced to join the sisterhood she discovers that she has no choice but to abide by the sisters’ laws or else she would be cast out into the forest to join the ranks of the unconsecrated. Mary’s belief that there is a world beyond her village and the forest is bolstered by the arrival of the outsider, Gabrielle. Mary then realizes that the sisterhood has been keeping secrets from the villagers in order to force them to follow the edicts laid out by them. When Mary discovers that Gabrielle has become an unconsecrated, she explores the forbidden section of the Cathedral and learns that the sisters had caused Gabrielle to turn as part of an experiment. This completely shatters Mary’s belief in the sisterhood and all that they represent. The sisterhood created the Guard which Mary later finds out also kept certain secrets, such as placing stocks of food, water and weapons on the two fenced paths that lead away from

Sex on Television Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 12500 words

Sex on Television - Essay Example Cope, and Erica Biely compare the findings of three such important studies with regard to the impact of sexual messages on television in their article "Sexual Messages on Television: Comparing Findings from Three Studies". According to them, mass media including television has an important influence on sexual socialization of young people with regard to their sexual beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors. "While television is certainly not the only influence on sexual socialization, adolescents often report that they use portrayals in the media to learn sexual and romantic scripts and norms for sexual behavior. Indeed, four out of ten (40%) teens say they have gained ideas for how to talk to their boyfriend or girlfriend about sexual issues directly from media portrayals." (Kunkel, Cope, and Biely, 1999, p 230). Another important article which analyzes the influence of television on the sexual socialization of various types of individuals has been "Sexual Intercourse on Television: Do Saf e Sex Messages Matter" by Kirstie M. Farrar which maintains that "empirical research suggests that televised sexual messages affect sexual socialization not only among younger adolescents but among college-age emerging adults as well, suggesting that undergraduates are still forming their sexual scripts and thus are still vulnerable to media influence." (Farrar, 2006, p 635). Therefore, this paper undertakes a reflective analysis of these two articles to determine the pertinent influence of television on the sexual socialization of individuals. In their article "Sexual Messages on Television: Comparing Findings from Three Studies", Dale Kunkel, Kristie M. Cope, and Erica Biely compare the findings of three important studies with regard to the impact of sexual messages on television on the sexual socialization of individuals. They purport that there is a mounting body of evidence documenting the possible effects of sexual content on television which suggests the positive and negative aspects of sex on television. Thus, there are empirical research evidences indicating correlations between sex on television and the early initiation of sexual intercourse by adolescents, and connection between heavy television viewing and the negative attitudes toward remaining a virgin. According to the article which presents a summary of three independent studies of sexual content on television, media effects research clearly suggests that television portrayals contribute to sexual socialization. The authors of the article maintain that it is important to identify the prevailing patterns used for presenting sexual messages on television as television is an important source of information about sex. The findings of the study, which maintains that sexual content is a common aspect of the overall television landscape, have great implication with regard to determining the influence of sex on television on the sexual socialization of individuals. "Portrayals of talk about sex, as well as sexually-related behaviors, are a potential source of socialization for most young viewers. Although most sexual behaviors shown on television are relatively modest, intercourse is frequently included. Collectively, these sexual messages provide an opportunity for the television industry to communicate an important and realistic view of the true risks associated with

Foundations of the law of Obligations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Foundations of the law of Obligations - Essay Example The defendant responded to the offer with a counter-offer by setting out new terms and conditions and excluding the price variation clause (Koffman and Macdonald 134). The counter-offer contained an acknowledgement slip that explicitly set out that the buyer’s conditions would form the basis of the contract. The plaintiff signed the acknowledgement slip and delivered it back to the buyer. Plaintiff (seller) retuned the cover letter stating that delivery was to be ‘in accordance with our revised quotation of May 23rd’. The Court held that the counter-offer by Ex-cell Co extinguished the validity of the original offer by Butler Machine Co thus price variation clause did not form part of the contract. In addition, by signing the tear-off acknowledgement slip send by Ex-Cell Co, Butler Machine Co had signified and validly accepted a new offer thus destroying their original offer. The issues that arose centered on the battle of forms when parties send their own terms a nd conditions that they seek to be applied to the contract (Taylor and Taylor 153). In this case, the terms and conditions send by the last party to communicate usually form the basis of the contract and thus the valid terms and conditions for the contract were those send by buyer (Ex-Cell C0). The majority adopted the ‘mirror image’ approach to valid contract formation by asserting that acceptance must mirror the terms contained in the offer. According to this mirror image approach, a buyer’s order that contains variations of the seller’s offer quotation should not be construed as an acceptance, but a counter-offer (Charman78). Young asserts that a legally binding contract requires offer and acceptance, but some unusual commercial transactions may entail negotiations that are evidenced by a series of passing of documents such as quotation, purchase order and acknowledgement of the purchase order ( 89). United Kingdom still conforms to the ‘last shot rule’ in determining the battle of forms contract cases since a counter-offer rejects the original offer (Mulcahy 102). This traditional way of analysis of the offer and acceptance is evident in the case of Trollope & Colls Ltd v Atomic Power Construction Ltd (1963) 1. W.L.R 333 when the court held that a counter-offer kills the original offer. Acceptance of the counter-offer must be communicated in order to form a valid contract as evidenced by the requirement of acknowledgement slip by Ex-Cell Co (Poole 18) Under the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International sale of goods (CISG), Article 19 (1) asserts that an offer that purports to be an acceptance, but contains additional terms, limitations and conditions is a rejection of the initial offer and amounts to a counter-offer (Richards 321). Article 19 (1) clarifies that additional terms that affect the quality, price and time of delivery to the extent of the liability of one party are considered to alter t he original offer materially thus amounts to counter-offer (Bix 190). Under the principles of European contract law, Article 2.208, a reply by offeree that contains new terms is rejection of the initial offer. UNIDROIT PICC Article 2.11 on battle of forms, a counter-offer rejects original offer while Article 2.22 requires the parties to indicate in advance or immediately of their

Compare and contrast the two companies on the various features shown Essay

Compare and contrast the two companies on the various features shown in each demo within your paper - Essay Example Interactive analysis and the presence of a powerful dashboard makes users very comfortable to create excel and securely share them across the enterprise. It enables IT teams to manage data and metadata in a central and control permissions as well as scale up to wide deployments in the enterprise. Tableau is a generational business intelligence and visual analysis software that the work by putting data on the hands of the individuals who needs the information (Havenstein, 2006). IBM Cognos is a business intelligence dashboarding solution that helps the user in monitoring, measuring and managing performance of corporates. At a glance, performance that are timely, factual and views of the business are provided by the dashboards. Anomalies that can turn into business issues that are of significant importance can be identified using IBM Cognos and the root causes can be dug deeper. IBM Cognos offer the following solutions to their users; personalization view of the information that are, deliverance of high degree visualization that have graphs, gauges and charts. IBM dashboard can be delivered easily in multiple formats that can suit specific needs of users who do business. Finally, they are easily managed from IT perspective. IBM Cognos has scorecard software that helps the individual to align teams and tactics with strategies, communicating goals consistently and monitoring performance against targets. Individuals can use IBM Cognos Scorecarding in management of the full scope of processes in business (Havenstein, 2007). Business intelligence is a term that means to end despite the approach used. The term end sounds decision making in the organization. Therefore, there is a need to understanding organization decision-making process. There is a need to differentiating information, data and knowledge in an organization. Information is differentiated from data by the use of context. When related to other data, data itself

Potential employees use of google and Facebook to assess applicants Assignment

Potential employees use of google and Facebook to assess applicants - Assignment Example ’t give to potential employees private lives outside work, principals for employment professionals, Face book policies, legal implications of the use of Google and face book to scrutinize applicants just to mention a few. These areas of scrutiny lead to a number of findings which are discussed in the discussion area in relation to literature. The paper also presents a number of recommendations in relation to the findings of the research. Technology which has remained indispensable to most organizations today is undoubtedly changing and advancing their internal operations. The work of human resource departments specifically has been made easier with the advent of technology especially social networks, because they can easily evaluate the integrity and moral life of the applicant outside the professional field. Most firms would wish their employees to uphold high level of integrity within and without job settings because everywhere they are they represent the organizations image. (Zeidner,2007) This paper will try to evaluate the legal and professional implications of applying the utilitarian approach of ethics which is purely meant to ensure employers full satisfaction with a least harm to the affected i.e. customers, employees, shareholders, community and the environment. The investigation will offer more information on the legal implications of invading applicant’s privacy and also the need for the applicants to enhance their privacy settings besides minding what they post to the public. The key question that this paper will address is on whether employers should invade the applicant’s privacy during recruiting process. In order to complete this research work successfully, there are different aspects of methodology which were used. One of them was the sampling of participants who included employers, employees and job seekers in the proportion of 5, 7, and 8 respectively. They were emailed structured questionnaire which was later received and the

Compare and contrast the two companies on the various features shown Essay

Compare and contrast the two companies on the various features shown in each demo within your paper - Essay Example Interactive analysis and the presence of a powerful dashboard makes users very comfortable to create excel and securely share them across the enterprise. It enables IT teams to manage data and metadata in a central and control permissions as well as scale up to wide deployments in the enterprise. Tableau is a generational business intelligence and visual analysis software that the work by putting data on the hands of the individuals who needs the information (Havenstein, 2006). IBM Cognos is a business intelligence dashboarding solution that helps the user in monitoring, measuring and managing performance of corporates. At a glance, performance that are timely, factual and views of the business are provided by the dashboards. Anomalies that can turn into business issues that are of significant importance can be identified using IBM Cognos and the root causes can be dug deeper. IBM Cognos offer the following solutions to their users; personalization view of the information that are, deliverance of high degree visualization that have graphs, gauges and charts. IBM dashboard can be delivered easily in multiple formats that can suit specific needs of users who do business. Finally, they are easily managed from IT perspective. IBM Cognos has scorecard software that helps the individual to align teams and tactics with strategies, communicating goals consistently and monitoring performance against targets. Individuals can use IBM Cognos Scorecarding in management of the full scope of processes in business (Havenstein, 2007). Business intelligence is a term that means to end despite the approach used. The term end sounds decision making in the organization. Therefore, there is a need to understanding organization decision-making process. There is a need to differentiating information, data and knowledge in an organization. Information is differentiated from data by the use of context. When related to other data, data itself

Uht Milk Essay Example for Free

Uht Milk Essay I, the undersigned, hereby declare that the project report entitled â€Å"To study and analyse the consumer behavior of Ultra heated milk across Tamil Nadu† written and submitted by me to University of Pune, in the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree of Masters of Marekting Management under the guidance pf Prof. A. Ramakumar. This is my original work and the conclusions drawn therein are based on the material collected by myself. Place: Pune Date:Aruna Sampath Kumar CERTIFICATE This is to certify that project titled â€Å"To study and analyse the consumer behavior of Ultra heated milk across Tamil Nadu† at Cavin Kare Pvt. Ltd is a bonafide work carried out by Miss. Aruna Sampath Kumar, 2nd year MMM student of Sinhgad Institute of Management, Vadgoan, Pune in partial fulfillment of MMM degree of Univeristy of Pune. She has worked under our guidance and direction. Signature of DirectorSignature of Project Guide Dr. Daniel PenkarProf. A. Ramakumar Date:Date: Place: PunePlace: Pune ACKNOWLEGDEMENT I take this opportunity as privilege to express my deep sense of gratitude to Dr. Daniel Penkar – Director, Dr. Rupali Jain- Jt. Director and Dr. Shivaji U Gawade- Head Research, Sinhgad Institute of Management, Pune for their continous encouragement, invaluable guidance and help for Completing the present research at work. They have been a source of Inspiration to me and I am indebted to them for initiating me in the field of research. I am deeply indebted to Prof. A. Ramakumar, my project guide, Singhad Institute of Management , Pune, without his help completion of the project was highly impossible. I take this opportunity as a privilege to articulate my deep sense of gratefulness to Mr. Aldrin Joseph-Marketing Manager of Cavin Kare. Pvt. Ltd. Their encouragement and valuable guidance are gratefully acknowledged, I would also like to thank Mrs. Jessima Yasmin-Product Manager, for guiding and supporting me throughout my project. I would like to acknowledge all my family members and friends for their help and support. Lastly, I convey my gratitude to all those who directly or indirectly related to this project and helped me to complete this project report. Thanks and regards, Aruna Sampath Kumar INDEX Chapter No| Contents| Page No| *| Executive Summary| | 1| Introduction| | | 1. 1 Introduction| | | 1. 2 Objective of the Study| |. | 1. 3 Scope of Project| | | 1. 4 Limitations of Project| | 2| Conceptual Background| | 3| Profile of Organisation| | | 3. 1 Corporate Profile: Cavin Kare Group| | | 3. 2 Partnerships| | | 3. 3 Various Brands under Cavin Kare| | | 3. 4 Cavin Kare Diary Division| | 4| Research Methodology | | | 4. 1 Source Method of data collection| | | 4. 2 Method of data collection| | | 4. 3 Sampling Design | | 5| Data Presentation, Analysis Interpretation| | 6| Findings, Suggestions and Conclusions| | | 6. 1 Findings| | | 6. 2 Suggestions| | | 6. 3 Conclusion| | *| Bibliography| | *| Annexure| |. Executive Summary The project involved working with the core Marketing Department of the company, and worked as part of the marketing team that is looking at launching the Ultra Heated Milk (UHT milk) also known as tetra pack milk in TAMIL NADU. Initially, we had to understand the various players in the market, the marketing strategies and also the various pricing along with packaging techniques used by the players such as Nestle, Amul, Vijaya, Britannia, etc. We tried to analyse the gold standard of milk according to the respondents and what aspect do they value the most in their daily cup of milk. The project involved in Idea conception, product development, firming up communications, reflecting the same with external agencies that include the IMRB and media agencies such as Ogilvy and Mathew During the project, I have independently conducted and provided findings and recommendations through a qualitative research covering more than 50 respondents, via primary data collection method such as questionnaire and personal interview. The respondents were of various stratums such as double income no kids, house-wives, bachelors, students and health conscious individuals. The later stage of project involved conducting 5 In-depth interviews amongst UHT users, who were asked questions in detail about various parameters and characteristics they would look in a new player within the niche market of UHT. A focus group interview with more than four respondents about their experience with using UHT milk and comparing it with non-UHT milk users were conducted. The project involved understanding the reasons for using UHT milk and the awareness level amongst UHT milk users, and the price sensitive index in the UHT industry. Also, key reasons for respondents keeping away from daily consumption of UHT milk. The findings gave brief highlights that in the current scenario, according to respondents the UHT milk is used or preferred as a contingency product, or during crisis situation. The important factors which respondents or consumers consider while buying UHT milk. Few factors such as price matters the most during the purchase of UHT. Secondly, the longer shelf life and easy availability are next important consideration parameters in purchase of UHT milk. The secondary data for the project was collected through journals, magazines and internet research. However, being a niche market, the secondary data availability was comparatively less. The project involved a complete exposure to milk industry and fast moving goods industry where detailed concept building was structured. During the conduct and completion of the project, certain limitations have been also encountered. The same have been mentioned below. We have also suggested some recommendations in order to reduce the limitations encountered. Chapter 1: Introduction. 1:1 Introduction The project involves a detailed understanding of consumer perceptions and the key factors affecting the consumption pattern of consumers. Consumer Research is the systematic collection and analysis of consumer information for the purpose of important decision making in marketing. Consumer Research plays an important role in marketing process, helps in consumer measurement, market potential, sales forecast, each element like product mix, distribution mix, price effectiveness of an advertisement campaign or consumer acceptance of a product. The above mentioned factors have been take into consideration while formulating the questionnaire for the research project. Cavin Kare. Pvt . Ltd is rolling into the markets of Tamilnadu with new milk variants(toned milk, double toned, standardized, low fat) flavoured milk and curd. The conclusions of this project will help the company to introduce the Tetra pack milk, which is made after an ultra heated temperature, where there in no bacteria and the shelf life of the milk is very high of approximately 180 days. 1:2 Objectives of the study. * To understand the general perceptions of the milk consuming population about UHT milk. * To study the consumption pattern of UHT milk. * To broadly, understand the key reasons for minimal consumption of UHT milk. * To do the competitive analysis of UHT milk production in Tamil Nadu. 1:3 Scope of Project * The project being a qualitative and quantitative in nature gives a wide scope to the research for significant findings and conclusions. * With the recognition of consumer perceptions and consumer behaviour for Ultra Heated milk, the scope and practical application of the project has been considerably widened. * The insights from the project can be used for new product development for the company i. e. the tetra pack milk, or the UHT milk, as the stage in a new development process- the concept development and consumer testing is already conducted during the research process. * The findings and conclusions of the project give emphasis on various parameters which influence the consumer behavior such as cultural factor, social factor and personal factors. * A Survey Research, which is used in the project, is a communication approach, which involves questioning respondents and recording their responses. It is the most versatile approach for the collection of abstract information of all types. * It offers an economical and efficient means of learning opinions and attitudes, intentions and expectations of respondents * Interpretation of question by the respondent can greatly vary the responses. 1:4 Limitations of Project * Research was conducted in certain parts of Tamilnadu and the respondents have given a voluntary response. * Certain limitations has been encountered while doing the project due to which information collected and conclusion that was arrived on it were as follows: 1. Due to the stiffness in time, very less chance of interaction with a huge number of Ultra Heated milk consumers were possible. 2. The data collected were according to the convenience of the respondents and the major hurdle was time management. 3. Some cases respondents were also not willing to give answers of few questions which were open ended questions. 4. The two month research process was comparatively less for studying the entire consumer behaviour of the Ultra Heated milk. Chapter 2: Conceptual Background About the Milk and Milk Product Industry: India is the largest producer of milk in the world with an estimated production of 91mn tons in FY03. The industry has maintained a high growth of milk production of about 4-5% per annum in the last two decades, especially after Operation Flood. Food and Agricultural Organization has projected Asia and Latin America to be the focal points of milk production growth, primarily due to high consumption, low-costs and non subsidized exports. India also has an inherent advantage of being amidst major milk deficit countries in Asia and Africa. Major milk importing countries are Bangladesh, China, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Thailand. Major Players in the Industry: The packaged milk segment is dominated by the regional and national level dairy cooperatives. These dairy co-operatives collect milk from the various small-scale vendors, pack it and distribute it under their brand name. There are certain standards set and tests conducted before the milk is collected from the vendors. The milk is tested for its fat content, taste, color, odour, quality (organoleptic test), acidity and specific gravity (water content). The standard specific gravity for cow milk is 1. 0295. The largest player in the milk market is Gujarat Co-operative Milk Marketing Federation (GCMMF) with its brand Amul that is a national level co-operative. The other National Co-operatives are Andhra Pradesh Milk Marketing Federation (APMMF) with its Vijaya brand, Karnataka Co-operative Milk Marketing Federation (KCMMF) with its Nandini brand and Aavin (UHT milk) in Tamil Nadu Co-operative Milk Federation Ltd. There are numerous regional dairy cooperatives with their local brands. Gokul, Varana in Maharashtra, Saras in Rajasthan and Verka in Punjab, are the prominent ones. There are a few private players such as J K Dairy, Heritage Foods, Indiana Dairy, Dairy Specialties, etc. A few MNC players have recently entered the market. Britannia attempted to foray into the fresh pouch milk market nationally, but has withdrawn from most markets after receiving a poor response. Nestle, Britannia and Amul have forayed into emerging segments such as Ultra Heated Treatment (UHT) and flavored milk. Ultra Heat Treated (UHT) milk is becoming popular and is estimated at Rs1. 5bn. Major players in the UHT milk market are cooperatives like Amul (GCMMF) and Vijaya (APMMF) and private players like Britannia and Nestle. National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) has also entered this market under its Mother Dairy brand. Another category of milk, which has a small market, is flavored milk (fat content of around 3%). The main brands in this category are GCMMF’s Amul Kool, Aarey’s Energee, Britannia’s Milkman and Nestle’s Fruit n Milk. Condensed milk is a popular ingredient used in homemade sweets and cakes. Nestles Milkmaid is the leading brand with more than 55% market share. The only other competitor is GCMMFs Amul. Total investment in the dairy sector between 1991-2002 was at Rs150bn, of which foreign investment was of Rs11bn. India’s total milk production is projected to grow to 108mn tons by end of 2007 as per Tenth Plan estimates. The market is estimated to touch Rs1,100bn in value terms by FY05. Product Profile: Ultra Heated Treatment (UHT) is a new product for Cavin Kare Pvt. Ltd. The company plans to launch the product is the mere future, after analyzing the consumer perception and purchase behavior steps. According David Louden, we can define Consumer Behaviour as processes a person goes through when purchasing and using Products and Services, including Mental and Social processes that precede and follow these actions. Consumer behaviour encompasses the behaviour that consumers display in searching for, purchasing, using, evaluating and disposing of products and services that they expect will satisfy their needs. It is a study of the decisions of individuals, groups and organizations to spend available resources on consumption related items. There are various roles played by a consumer: a) Initiator b) Influencer c) Buyer d) User The consumer buying decision process can be explained as follows: Need Recognition Pre- Purchase Information Search Evaluation of Alternatives Puchase Decision Post Purchase Behaviour Five Force Model for Ultra Heated Milk Sector The Ultra heated milk comes under the Diary Industry. While understanding the diary industry we can apply the Porter’s Five Force Model to the industry thereby relating it to the Buyers Power, Supplier’s power, Substitutes, New entrants and Degree of Rivalry. The dairy market will be analyzed taking manufacturers of packaged milk and dairy products as players, retailers as buyers, and raw milk producers (dairy farmers) as suppliers. The market has a three-level structure: small dairy farms form cooperatives, which are organized into 270 unions, and each state has its own federation of these unions. The food retail market in India remains fragmented, reducing buyer power, although the entry of large foreign chains is destined to increase buyer power going forward. Strong growth in the dairy market will encourage new entrants while easing competitive rivalry. Buyers Power The dairy market will be analyzed taking manufacturers/packagers of dairy products as players, and food retailers as buyers. Food and beverage retail is fragmented in India: the non-organized segment accounts for a significant share of its revenues, and independents and small supermarket chains are significant in the organized segment. Regulations make it difficult for large foreign retailers such as Wal-Mart to gain access to the retail market. In these circumstances, where market players have many small potential buyers, buyer power is weakened. It is difficult to differentiate staple foods such as milk and butter, although manufacturers can target end-users with their branding strategies, or develop more individuated, premium products, such as organic yoghurt, to defend against the power of buyers determined to make purchasing decisions on price alone. There is some forward integration: Amul, for example, plans to open retail outlets to sell its own dairy products. Dairy products are an important part of most consumers food and beverage purchasing, and food retailers are therefore strongly motivated to stock them; this weakens their buying power, assessed overall as strong. Suppliers Power For many dairy markets, the key input is milk, which manufacturers must buy from farmers. Dairy cooperatives, which typically integrate dairy farming, milk collection, processing, and packaging, are present in developed-economy markets (e. g. Campina in India); however, they have a much more prominent role in India. Almost 100,000 dairy cooperatives are organized into 170 producer unions, which are combined at state level into 15 cooperative milk marketing federations. Some of the latter have strong consumer brands for their milk and other dairy products, such as Amul. As the Indian market is dominated by these cooperatives, the suppliers of interest are still further upstream, and include manufacturers of cattle feed, milking machines, and packaging, and providers of services such as veterinary care and artificial insemination. The products involved are fairly commoditized, and there are a reasonable number of suppliers; also, the ability of cooperatives to purchase on behalf of their members (who may be very small-scale farmers) means that supplier power is correspondingly decreased. Overall, supplier power is moderate. New Entrants The dairy market can be entered by a new company starting up, by an existing company diversifying into dairy product production, or by a dairy products company established elsewhere beginning to sell in this market. Imports of dairy products are permitted, although tariffs are not negligible. Small-scale entry, perhaps as an artisanal producer of premium dairy products, does not require very large amounts of capital. However, for new entrants aiming to challenge the major players in the mass consumer market, entry barriers are higher. Scale economies in production will be important. Most dairy products are perishable, which means that reliable supply and distribution cold chains are vital to avoid the costs of wastage this can be a particular barrier to entry in India, with its combination of hot climate and often poor infrastructure. Leading dairy product players may have strong brands, aimed at retaining end-user loyalty, which means that new players will have a more difficult task to differentiate their own brands. Government regulations include laws on food safety, which increase compliance costs. Overall, there is a strong likelihood of new players in the dairy market. Substitutes From the consumers point of view, dairy products may be used directly as food or beverages, or ingredients for other home-made foods. There are a wide range of foods and drinks that can be used in similar ways to dairy products, so if dairy price rise too high, it is easy for consumers to replace them with alternatives. This reduces the pricing freedom of retailers and market players. Some of the alternatives may have advantages for retailers, such as cheaper storage or higher margins. The threat of substitutes is assessed here as strong, although dairy products are important parts of most peoples diet and are unlikely to becompletely replaced. Rivalry The market is fairly fragmented, with the three largest federations accounting for less than 50% of the total market revenues. This decreases rivalry. Furthermore, as dairy products are usually perishable, storage costs are high. Industrial production of dairy products requires substantial, specialized assets, and the need to sell these off when leaving the market translates into high exit costs. Overall, rivalry is moderate. However, as the cooperative federations dominate the market in their home states, retailers have less real choice of dairy product maker than elsewhere, which translates into high switching costs and reduces rivalry. Chapter 3: Profile of the Organization 3:1 Corporate Profile Success is a journey not a destination. Cavin kare began with a young mind choosing the road less taken. In 1983 with a single product, cavin kare started out as a small partnership firm Chik India. In the year 1990, it was promoted as beauty cosmetics pvt ltd and was later renamed as cavin kare pvt ltd CKPL in 1998. With nnovative entrepreneur C. K Ragnathan at the helm, Cavin Kare emerged into a successful enterprise. From an initial investment 15000 cavin kare is an organization INR 5,000 Mil, well known for its quality products and excellent practices. Smart Marketing and clear product positioning not only ensure Cavin Kare’s growth but also help the company broaden its product portfolio extensively. The company now markets 10 major brands such as Chik, Fairever, Nyle, Meera, Spinz,Indica,Ruchi, CHinni, Tex and Karthika. Over the years the company has achived significant milestones and competitive edge with sound understanding of mass marketing dynaimics. The company offers high quality personal care (Hair care, skin care, home care) and food products borne out of a keen understanding of consumer needs and keeping up company’s value of innovation and customer satisfaction. Today, Cavin Kare has established a firm food hold in the national market increasing its popularity in the international arena in the markets such as Sri Lanka Malaysia Bangladesh etc. Cavin Kare has touched a turnover of 5,000 Million INR in 2006-2007. The company has employee strength of 640 and is well known for its people practice. The company invests in People process development. It has all india networks of 1300 stockists catering to about 25 lakh outlets nationally. 3:2 Partnerships 1) Hemlatha Enterprises Pvt. Ltd (HEPL) The media function of the parent company was transformed into M/S Cavin Kare Advertising Pvt LTd. (CKPL) during the late 2000 in order to cater to the parent company, CKPL needs in terms of better media planning negotiations and buying. It also planned to pitch for other clients for other non mass media business so as to function as an independent advertising agency. It started functioning as an agency on records on 29 Sep 2000 to M/s CKPL. 2) Trends In vogue Pvt Ltd Trends in vogue pvt ltd a group company of CKPL came into being on July 2002 with a clear cut focus on providing personal styling and beauty solutions to everyone in the family. The company has pioneered the concept of Family Salons in India with its specialist brands- Lime Lite and Green Trends. With a team of professionals, highly qualified cosmetologists and hair care specialists from its in house institution- trends academy and with the skill base of the Cavin Kare R and D team, trends in vogue offers a range of cosmetics treatments including those made from Natural ingredients. Two major brands under Trends in Vogue: * Limelite * Green trends 3) Maa Fruits Pvt Ltd The company acquired Maa in February 2008 and post which the company is taking efforts in building efficient systems and processes. The plans include changes in packaging and concentrated efforts to build the brand. The brand is being aggressively marketed and distributed through CKPL’s sales network. 4) Cavin Kare Diary Division A new entrant into the line of business under the Cavin Kare Group, the CK diary division started with the acquisition of Prakash Diaries at Kanchipuram. Cavin’s Milk, as the brand is named, launched in Chennai on 13th January 2009. The diary division is currently in the process of vast and rapid expansion. Toned Milk Flavored Milk Full cream milk Standardized Milk Cavin’s Curd Double Tonned Milk Cavin Kare Pvt Ltd 3:3 Brands launched by Cavin Kare Pvt Ltd Chik Shampoo Brand History: Chick was first product to be launched by Cavin Kare in 1983 and it was responsible for popularizing the concept of sachets in the shampoo category. Today 71% of the volume of shampoo comes from sachets, largely due to the contribution of Chik. Chik was the first shampoo to launch a 50 paise sachet in 1999. It further accerlarated the growth of Chik, and it became the second largest shampoo brand in the country in the year 2001. The latest market share of CHik is 18%. The shampoo has launched a new variant of Chik Anti- Dandruff. Competition: The biggest competitor of Chick Shampoo is Clinic Plus, which also entered into the territory of Chik offering 50 paise and 1 rupee sachets in 2002. Target Audience: Chik Shampoo is targeted at Women 18-35 and rural audience. Fairever Brand History: Fairness is a proposition which Indians are obseesed. Till 1998 there was a only major player Fair and Lovely which was monopolizing the market with share of 95% (98% in rural), other players like Revlon Touch and Glow, Ponds Touch and Green, Freya, Fair Plus,Nivea Fairness cream for mass markets. The company then launched the product Fairever and communicated it to the target market as â€Å"Reason to Believe† of delivering fairness. The company converted a simple consumer insight into a proposition that made sense to the target audience. Over the ages consumers believed that ‘intake of saffron and milk by expected mothers helped them to deliver a fair baby. This simple insight was converted into a product proposition and that gave birth to the brand FAIREVER. Target Audience: The fairness cream customer is typically a female. The User is the catergory of B,C,D and the most common age to start using fairness cream is 13-15 years. The target age group is 14 to 35 years. USP of the brand: Get Natural in just 4 weeks. Competitors: Fair Lovely is a big competitor in the market. Other brands such as HLL, Emami, Godrej,Elder,Paras all try to share the same pie. Karthika Meera and Karthika together in Tamil Nadu make up to 90% of the category value while the rest is made up of unbranded players. Karthika’s positioning is to provide affordable hairwah solutions in the hair wash powder front. Meera Powder Using Shikakai for hair wash was a white spread practsie in the South India specially in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. The brand Meera was created based on that time tested tradional practice and was launched during 1990 in Tamil Nadu as abranded Shikakai powder. The primary target was on home made Shikakai users. Different variants like Amla, Hibiscus and brand extentions have been tried out over the years but Shikakai remains the top selling variant of the company. Competitors Information: The major competitors are Karthika, Tiger Shikakai and Samrat. Due to Meera’s premium product offering it sees a lot of traffic from premium shampoos like Sunsilk, Clinic Plus and Pantene as well. USP of the Brand: The brand benefit is on â€Å"Healthy hair for years† Target Audience: Female 18 to 35, SEC A, B,C Meera Shampoo The brand launched on June 2001 in Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh markets. IT has healthy growth and is currently having 10% market share in AP as on August 2006. Competitors: The major competitors are Clinic Plus, Sunsilk and Pantene. USP: The brand is build on strong and heathy hair for years. Target audience: Female 18 to 35, SEC A, B,C Nyle SHampoo The brand was launched in 1993 in Tamil Nadu and reached market share of 8% in 1999 but has been declining since then. Nyle mainly sells in the north west and east and competes with Ayur, Vatika and SUnsilk shampoos. Target Audience: Female 18 to 35, SEC A, B,C Brand Proposition: Naturally nourishes and moisturizes for soft and shiny hair. Spinz Deo: Brand History Spinz deo comes with long lasting international fragrances sourced from the finest perfumery houses across the world. Consumer Profile: Female 15 to 28 years old. Female, Sec A and B users of Deodrants Urban and mostly college goers, women constantly on the move. Brand Ambassador Actress Genelia D’Souza ( an actress in Bollywood and Kollywood) Competitors The unorganized sector is as big as the organized one. The big players in organsied markets are Rexona, Axe, Eva, Fa, Denim, Nive and Dove. The unorganized sector consists of a lot of brands. Communication lines: â€Å"Enjoy Life nonstop† Spinz Talc Brand History The brand was launched in July 1999 in Andhra Pradesh and later in Tamil Nadu during late 1999. The brand has a good presence in Indian markets. It was relaunched later in 2002 and during this period the brand was extended across India. The brand again was relaunched in Feb 2004 for the second time with packaging upgradation and new theme commercial based on enjoyment platform. Target Audience: Female users of talc powder. In the age gropu of 15 to 35 years. Sec A and B Tex Tex is a brand in the segment of toilet cleaner product and was launched in the November 2005 in Tamil Nadu and achieved 10% market share within 3 months of its launch. Competitors: Harpic is the biggest competitor of the brand. Target audience: Housewives 25 to 45 Sec A B C Food related brands. Ruchi Pickles: The product concentrates on vegetarian pickes of ginger, mango, amla, garlic, etc. Consumer Profile: Unisex- Pickles are both consumer under male and female It is primarily consumed by people of age group 25- 50 years. Present in both urban and semi urban. Competitors: The major players are Mothers Recipe, Priya, MTR, Bedekars etc Chinni Masalas Product Variants- Turmeric powder, sambhar powder, chicken masala etc. Consumer Profile: Women in the age group 20 to 45. Present in both urban and semi urban Competitors: Various majors in South India such as Shakti Masala, Aachi Masala and MTR. In North Everest, Badshah and MDH. Chinni’s Pickles: Product: Vegetarian Pickles Variants: Lime, Mango, Tomato garlic in convenient sachets. Consumer Profiles: Unisex- pickles for both male and females. Primarily consumed in the age group of 15 to 50 years Present in Urban and Semi urban and Rural areas. Competitors: Low priced Pickle market is highly fragmented market with influence changing from district to district. Major players are Pandiyan, Kala, Selvan and Ravis. Chinnis Vermicili: Variants: Regular, Payasam Consumer Profile: Unisex, present in both urban and semi urban. Competitors: Bambina, MTR, True and Savourite. Chapter 4: Research Methodology 4:1 Source Method of data collection: For the purpose of this study, the research tool of the questionnaire was prepared to collect the relevant primary data pertaining to the customers buying behavior or general perceptions towards Ultra Heated Milk (UHT). The data collected was based on the random sampling of both UHT milk users and non UHT milk users. Besides, primary data was collected with the help of the questionnaire, the information was also collected through books, magazines, internet and newspapers. 4:2 Methods of data collection: The Primary Data Collection Method such as: * Survey Method * In-depth Interview Survey Method: In this method requisite information is collected through a questionnaire. To collect the information for this project we conducted with help of stratums. In-depth Interview: In this method the views of the customers were gathered on the basis of the questionnaire that was prepared on the feedback collected from the study. The Secondary Data collection method such as: * Magazines * Internet * Research by other players * Online research data * Reference Work 4:3 Sample Design: Sampling Plan: For the purpose of the survey, the information was gathered from various customers of both UHT users and Non users of UHT milk. Sampling Size: Survey Method: Questionnaire = 50 respondents The respondents were segmented into stratums such as:- * House wife * Bachelors * Local Working couples * Local DINKS â€Å"double income no kids† Expats * Students In-depth Interview = 4 respondents Selection of Sampling Unit: Non- probability, convenience sampling Sampling Media: Questionnaire and Personal interview Chapter 5: Data Presentations, Analysis and Interpretation. Table 1 : Comparitive Study of Major Players Brands | Products | Tetra Pack Size | Price | Shelf-Life | Nestle | Nestle Slim | 1 liter Packs | Rs 42 per liter | 120 days | | Nestle Nautral | 1 liter Packs | Rs 40 per liter | 120 days | Amul | Amul Taaza Double Toned Milk | 1 liter, 500 ml | Rs 36 per liter | 180 days | | Amul Lite Slim and Trim Milk | 1 liter, 500 ml, 200 ml | Rs 16 per 200ml | 180 days | Britania | Britannia Milk | 1 liter Pack | Rs. 40 | 120 days | | Slimz Milk | 1 liter pack | Rs 40 | 120 days | Aavin | Standardised Homogenious | 1liter, 500ml | Rs. 39 | 120 days | | Tetra Fino ( Delite) | 500ml | Rs. 18 | 60 days | Nandini | Good life | 500ml | Rs. 17 | 120days | Heritage Foods | Slim Milk | 1 liter | Rs. 38 | 120 days | New players in the markets are Mother Diary Vijaya, available only in Karnataka A. P Table Objective: To study the various SKU’s offered by the various players in the Tamil Nadu market for UHT milk. Table Interpretation: Although the market is niche, there are 6 players in the market who offer various SKU’s to the consumers. And likely there is a very probability for players who o.